GO function (7,172)

Gene set Name	Definition	Number of genes
'de novo' AMP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP).	8
'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), beginning with the synthesis of tryptophan or aspartate from simpler precursors; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.	8
'de novo' protein folding	The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.	41
'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.	6
10-formyltetrahydrofolate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, the formylated derivative of tetrahydrofolate.	6
2-oxoglutarate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.	16
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	An mRNA destabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.	19
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of an mRNA.	25
3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate, a naturally occurring mixed anhydride. It is an intermediate in the formation of a variety of sulfo compounds in biological systems.	17
5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.	6
5S class rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III	The synthesis of 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), or an equivalent rRNA, from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a type 1 RNA polymerase III promoter.	6
7-methylguanosine RNA capping	The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which the RNA 5' cap structure, an inverted 7-methylguanosine linked via a 5'-5' triphosphate bridge (m7G(5')ppp(5')X) to the first transcribed residue, is added to a nascent transcript. Additional methylation can occur on the ribose sugars of the first and second nucleotides adjacent to the m7G nRNA cap. These methylations are often referred to as N6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m6,2A) and N6,2'-O-dimethylguanosine (m6,2G), respectively.	9
7-methylguanosine cap hypermethylation	Hypermethylation of the 7-(mono)methylguanosine (m(7)G) cap structure at the 2' position of the guanosine residue to convert a mono-methylated cap to a 2,2,7-trimethylguanosine cap structure. This type of cap modification occurs on small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and is dependent on prior guanine-N7 methylation.	8
ADP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.	5
ADP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ADP, adenosine 5'-diphosphate.	8
ADP transport	The directed movement of ADP, adenosine diphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	12
AIM2 inflammasome complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the AIM2 inflammasome complex.	5
AMP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.	13
AMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of AMP, adenosine monophosphate.	5
AMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving AMP, adenosine monophosphate.	23
AMP salvage	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) from derivatives of it (either adenine, ADP or adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate) without de novo synthesis.	5
AMPA glutamate receptor clustering	The glutamate receptor clustering process in which alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.	11
ARF protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the ARF subfamily relays a signal.	22
ATF6-mediated unfolded protein response	The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor ATF6 (activating transcription factor 6). Begins with activation of ATF6 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, ATF6 translocates to the Golgi where it is processed by proteases to release a cytoplasmic domain (ATF6f), which operates as a transcriptional activator of many genes required to restore folding capacity.	9
ATP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.	98
ATP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ATP, adenosine triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.	133
ATP synthesis coupled electron transport	The transfer of electrons through a series of electron donors and acceptors, generating energy that is ultimately used for synthesis of ATP.	101
ATP transport	The directed movement of ATP, adenosine triphosphate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	19
AV node cell to bundle of His cell communication	The process that mediates interactions between an AV node cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the AV node cell communicating with a bundle of His cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.	14
AV node cell to bundle of His cell signaling	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an AV node cardiac muscle cell to a bundle of His cardiomyocyte.	11
Abscission	The controlled shedding of a body part.	6
Acetate ester metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving an acetate ester, any carboxylic ester where the carboxylic acid component is acetic acid.	6
Acetate ester transport	The directed movement of an acetate ester into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	9
Acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.	18
Acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate.	11
Acetyl-CoA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.	33
Acetylcholine secretion	The regulated release of acetylcholine by a cell.	5
Acid secretion	The controlled release of acid by a cell or a tissue.	42
Acidic amino acid transport	The directed movement of acidic amino acids, amino acids with a pH below 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	65
Acinar cell differentiation	The epithelial cell differentiation process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an acinar cell, a secretory cell that is grouped together with other cells of the same type to form grape-shaped clusters known as acini.	5
Acrosomal vesicle exocytosis	The calcium ion regulated exocytosis which results in fusion of the acrosomal vesicle with the plasma membrane of the sperm as part of the acrosome reaction.	9
Acrosome assembly	The formation of the acrosome from the spermatid Golgi.	25
Acrosome reaction	The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.	39
Actin crosslink formation	The process in which two or more actin filaments are connected together by proteins that act as crosslinks between the filaments. The crosslinked filaments may be on the same or differing axes.	13
Actin filament bundle organization	A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actin filament bundle.	166
Actin filament depolymerization	Disassembly of actin filaments by the removal of actin monomers from a filament.	58
Actin filament network formation	The assembly of a network of actin filaments; actin filaments on different axes and with differing orientations are crosslinked together to form a mesh of filaments.	9
Actin filament severing	The process in which an actin filament is broken down into smaller filaments.	16
Actin filament-based movement	Movement of organelles or other particles along actin filaments, or sliding of actin filaments past each other, mediated by motor proteins.	131
Actin filament-based transport	The transport of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along actin filaments.	21
Actin nucleation	The initial step in the formation of an actin filament, in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament. Nucleation is slow relative to the subsequent addition of more monomers to extend the filament.	57
Actin polymerization or depolymerization	Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.	194
Actin polymerization-dependent cell motility	A process involved in the controlled movement of a bacterial cell powered by the continuous polymerization of actin at one pole of the cell.	7
Actin-mediated cell contraction	The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of all or part of the cell body.	103
Actin-myosin filament sliding	The sliding movement of actin thin filaments and myosin thick filaments past each other.	15
Action potential	A process in which membrane potential cycles through a depolarizing spike, triggered in response to depolarization above some threshold, followed by repolarization. This cycle is driven by the flow of ions through various voltage gated channels with different thresholds and ion specificities.	144
Activated T cell proliferation	The expansion of a T cell population following activation by an antigenic stimulus.	49
Activation of GTPase activity	Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive GTPase through the replacement of GDP by GTP.	107
Activation of Janus kinase activity	The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.	13
Activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity	The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.	16
Activation of adenylate cyclase activity	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme adenylate cyclase.	26
Activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase.	14
Activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.	67
Activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process and is mediated by cytochrome c.	6
Activation of innate immune response	Any process that initiates an innate immune response. Innate immune responses are defense responses mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens. Examples of this process include activation of the hypersensitive response of Arabidopsis thaliana and activation of any NOD or TLR signaling pathway in vertebrate species.	271
Activation of meiosis	Any process that starts the inactive process of meiosis.	6
Activation of phospholipase C activity	OBSOLETE. The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.	27
Activation of protein kinase B activity	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase B.	25
Activation of protein kinase C activity	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme protein kinase C.	4
Activation of protein kinase activity	Any process that initiates the activity of an inactive protein kinase.	86
Activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity	Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.	6
Activation-induced cell death of T cells	A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.	9
Activin receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	50
Actomyosin contractile ring organization	A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an actomyosin contractile ring.	10
Actomyosin structure organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin. The myosin may be organized into filaments.	208
Acute inflammatory response	Inflammation which comprises a rapid, short-lived, relatively uniform response to acute injury or antigenic challenge and is characterized by accumulations of fluid, plasma proteins, and granulocytic leukocytes. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.	106
Acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	An acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus. An acute inflammatory response occurs within a matter of minutes or hours, and either resolves within a few days or becomes a chronic inflammatory response.	26
Acute-phase response	An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.	48
Acylglycerol homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of acylglycerol within an organism or cell.	42
Acylglycerol transport	The directed movement of an acylglycerol into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. An acylglycerol is any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.	8
Adaptation of signaling pathway	The regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.	24
Adaptive thermogenesis	The regulated production of heat in response to short term environmental changes, such as stress, diet or reduced temperature.	166
Adenine transport	The directed movement of adenine, 6-aminopurine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
Adenohypophysis development	The progression of the adenohypophysis over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The adenohypophysis is the anterior part of the pituitary. It secretes a variety of hormones and its function is regulated by the hypothalamus.	16
Adenosine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.	10
Adenosine to inosine editing	The conversion of an adenosine residue to inosine in an RNA molecule by deamination.	7
Adenosine transport	The directed movement of adenosine, adenine riboside, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity which results in an increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP). This pathway is negatively regulated by phosphodiesterase, which cleaves cAMP and terminates the signaling.	156
Adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	26
Adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process	The series of molecular signals beginning with a G protein-coupled adrenergic cell surface receptor combining with epinephrine or norepinephrine, to activate adenylate cyclase, which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.	8
Adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	8
Adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	8
Adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	9
Adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).	79
Adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	6
Adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway	An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	7
Adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).	246
Adherens junction assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.	13
Adherens junction maintenance	The maintenance of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.	7
Adherens junction organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an adherens junction. An adherens junction is a cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex at which the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane is attached to actin filaments.	57
Adhesion of symbiont to host	The attachment of a symbiont to its host via either adhesion molecules, general stickiness, or other mechanisms. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	14
Adhesion of symbiont to host cell	The attachment of a symbiont to a host cell via adhesion molecules, general stickiness etc., either directly or indirectly.	10
Adiponectin-activated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by adiponectin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	7
Adipose tissue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of adipose tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Adipose tissue is specialized tissue that is used to store fat.	58
Adrenal gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adrenal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This gland can either be a discrete structure located bilaterally above each kidney, or a cluster of cells in the head kidney that perform the functions of the adrenal gland. In either case, this organ consists of two cells types, aminergic chromaffin cells and steroidogenic cortical cells.	28
Adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an adrenergic receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	32
Adult behavior	Behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.	145
Adult feeding behavior	Feeding behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.	10
Adult heart development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	13
Adult locomotory behavior	Locomotory behavior in a fully developed and mature organism.	81
Aerobic respiration	The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which requires oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.	196
Aggrephagy	The selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy.	10
Aggresome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an aggresome; requires the microtubule cytoskeleton and dynein.	6
Alanine transport	The directed movement of alanine, 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	18
Alcohol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.	144
Alcohol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.	36
Aldehyde biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.	16
Aldehyde catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O.	14
Alditol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.	5
Alditol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.	7
Alditol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditols, any polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.	22
Alditol phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving alditol phosphates, any phosphorylated polyhydric alcohol derived from the acyclic form of a monosaccharide by reduction of its aldehyde or keto group to an alcoholic group.	12
Alkaloid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving alkaloids, nitrogen containing natural products which are not otherwise classified as peptides, nonprotein amino acids, amines, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, cofactors, phytohormones or primary metabolites (such as purine or pyrimidine bases).	7
Allantoin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving allantoin, (2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl)urea, an intermediate or end product of purine catabolism.	9
Alpha-amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an alpha-amino acid.	92
Alpha-amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving an alpha-amino acid.	207
Alpha-beta T cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of an alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	181
Alpha-beta T cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an alpha-beta T cell. An alpha-beta T cell is a T cell that expresses an alpha-beta T cell receptor complex.	124
Alpha-beta T cell proliferation	The expansion of an alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.	47
Alpha-ketoglutarate transport	The directed movement of alpha-ketoglutarate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	7
Alpha-linolenic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving alpha-linolenic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.	10
Alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules from a given set of exons by differential use of exons from the primary transcript(s) to form multiple mature mRNAs that vary in their exon composition.	71
Amacrine cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an amacrine cell, an interneuron generated in the inner nuclear layer (INL) of the vertebrate retina. Amacrine cells integrate, modulate, and interpose a temporal domain in the visual message presented to the retinal ganglion cells, with which they synapse in the inner plexiform layer. Amacrine cells lack large axons.	12
Ameloblast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an ameloblast, a cylindrical epithelial cell in the innermost layer of the enamel organ.	5
Amelogenesis	The process whose specific outcome is the formation of tooth enamel, occurring in two stages: secretory stage and maturation stage.	26
Amide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an amide, any derivative of an oxoacid in which an acidic hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group.	20
Amine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.	40
Amine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.	20
Amine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom.	120
Amine transport	The directed movement of amines, including polyamines, organic compounds containing one or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	108
Amino acid activation	The modification of an amino acid to an active form, for incorporation into a peptide, protein or other macromolecule.	45
Amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.	77
Amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.	112
Amino acid import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of an amino acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	50
Amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups.	291
Amino acid neurotransmitter reuptake	The uptake of amino acid neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.	10
Amino acid salvage	Any process which produces an amino acid from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.	7
Amino acid transmembrane transport	The process in which an amino acid is transported across a membrane.	101
Amino acid transport	The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	151
Amino sugar biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.	11
Amino sugar catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.	15
Amino sugar metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.	42
Amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.	6
Amino-acid betaine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.	17
Amino-acid betaine transport	The directed movement of betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	14
Aminoacyl-tRNA metabolism involved in translational fidelity	Any process which detects an amino-acid acetylated tRNA is charged with the correct amino acid, or removes incorrect amino acids from a charged tRNA. This process can be performed by tRNA synthases, or by subsequent reactions after tRNA aminoacylation.	13
Aminoglycan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.	74
Aminoglycan catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.	34
Aminoglycan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.	121
Aminoglycoside antibiotic metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving an aminoglycoside antibiotic, any member of a group of broad spectrum antibiotics, of similar toxicity and pharmacology, that contain an aminodeoxysugar, an amino- or guanidino-substituted inositol ring, and one or more residues of other sugars. The group includes streptomycin, neomycin, framycetin, kanamycin, paromomycin, and gentamicin.	10
Aminophospholipid translocation	The movement of an aminophospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.	7
Aminophospholipid transport	The directed movement of aminophospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Aminophospholipids contain phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester and an amino (NH2) group.	9
Ammonium homeostasis	Any biological process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ammonium.	6
Ammonium ion metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving the ammonium ion.	23
Ammonium transmembrane transport	The process in which ammonium is transported across a membrane. Ammonium is the cation NH4+.	12
Amygdala development	The progression of the amygdala over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The amygdala is an almond-shaped set of neurons in the medial temporal lobe of the brain that play a key role in processing emotions such as fear and pleasure.	5
Amylin receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by amylin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	6
Amyloid fibril formation	The generation of amyloid fibrils, insoluble fibrous protein aggregates exhibiting beta sheet structure, from proteins.	42
Amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.	23
Amyloid precursor protein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.	64
Amyloid precursor protein metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease.	88
Amyloid-beta clearance	The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by mechanisms involving cell surface receptors.	37
Amyloid-beta clearance by cellular catabolic process	The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by intracellular degradation.	8
Amyloid-beta clearance by transcytosis	The process in which amyloid-beta is removed from extracellular brain regions by cell surface receptor-mediated endocytosis, followed by transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier.	7
Amyloid-beta metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amyloid-beta, a glycoprotein associated with Alzheimer's disease, and its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP).	61
Anagen	The growth phase of the hair cycle. Lasts, for example, about 3 to 6 years for human scalp hair.	5
Anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex, and mediated by the proteasome.	24
Anatomical structure arrangement	The process that gives rise to the configuration of the constituent parts of an anatomical structure. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.	16
Anatomical structure maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an anatomical structure to attain its fully functional state.	259
Anatomical structure regression	The developmental process in which an anatomical structure is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.	16
Androgen biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.	10
Androgen catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.	5
Androgen metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.	30
Androgen receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by an androgen binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	49
Angiogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis	Blood vessel formation in the heart when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels.	5
Angiogenesis involved in wound healing	Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.	30
Angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by angiotensin II binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	18
Animal organ formation	The process pertaining to the initial formation of an animal organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment. Organs are a natural part or structure in an animal or a plant, capable of performing some special action (termed its function), which is essential to the life or well-being of the whole. The heart and lungs are organs of animals, and the petal and leaf are organs of plants. In animals the organs are generally made up of several tissues, one of which usually predominates, and determines the principal function of the organ.	66
Animal organ maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an animal organ to attain its fully functional state. An organ is a tissue or set of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions.	32
Animal organ regeneration	The regrowth of a lost or destroyed animal organ.	64
Anoikis	Apoptosis triggered by inadequate or inappropriate adherence to substrate e.g. after disruption of the interactions between normal epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix.	34
Anterior commissure morphogenesis	Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in one half of the cerebral cortex towards target cells in the contralateral half. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the anterior commissure, a small midline fiber tract that lies at the anterior end of the corpus callosum.	7
Anterior head development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior part of the head over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	7
Anterior/posterior axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.	59
Anterior/posterior axon guidance	The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone is directed to a specific target site along the anterior-posterior body axis in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.	7
Anterior/posterior pattern specification	The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along the anterior-posterior axis. The anterior-posterior axis is defined by a line that runs from the head or mouth of an organism to the tail or opposite end of the organism.	219
Anterograde axonal transport	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.	51
Anterograde axonal transport of mitochondrion	The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in axons away from the cell body and towards the presynapse.	6
Anterograde dendritic transport	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the postsynapse in dendrites.	9
Anterograde dendritic transport of neurotransmitter receptor complex	The directed movement of a neurotransmitter receptor complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites towards the postsynapse.	5
Anterograde neuronal dense core vesicle transport	The directed movement of substances in neuronal dense core vesicles along axonal microtubules towards the presynapse.	7
Antibacterial humoral response	An immune response against bacteria mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are the antibacterial humoral responses in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.	70
Antibacterial innate immune response	An defense response against a bacteria mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.	5
Antibacterial peptide production	The synthesis or release of an antibacterial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels.	9
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity	Cytolysis of target cells by natural killer cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or macrophages following engagement of antibodies bound to the target cells by Fc receptors on the effector cells.	5
Antifungal humoral response	An immune response against a fungus mediated through a body fluid. An example of this process is the antifungal humoral response in Drosophila melanogaster.	5
Antifungal innate immune response	An defense response against a fungus mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.	23
Antigen processing and presentation	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.	116
Antigen processing and presentation of endogenous antigen	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.	32
Antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of endogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger endogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.	25
Antigen processing and presentation of exogenous antigen	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.	49
Antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex. The peptide is typically a fragment of a larger exogenous protein which has been degraded within the cell.	40
Antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.	8
Antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen of exogenous origin on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from a whole protein.	31
Antigen processing and presentation of lipid antigen via MHC class Ib	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface, including lipid extraction, degradation, and transport steps for the lipid antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The lipid antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous source of lipid. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.	7
Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC protein complex on its cell surface, including proteolysis and transport steps for the peptide antigen both prior to and following assembly with the MHC protein complex. The peptide antigen is typically, but not always, processed from an endogenous or exogenous protein.	72
Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class I	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses a peptide antigen on its cell surface in association with an MHC class I protein complex. Class I here refers to classical class I molecules.	37
Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen via MHC class Ib	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses peptide antigen in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. The peptide antigen may originate from an endogenous or exogenous protein. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the HLA-E family.	18
Antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class II protein complex.	37
Antigen processing and presentation via MHC class Ib	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 or HLA-E gene families.	25
Antigen processing and presentation, endogenous lipid antigen via MHC class Ib	The process in which an antigen-presenting cell expresses lipid antigen of endogenous origin in association with an MHC class Ib protein complex on its cell surface. Class Ib here refers to non-classical class I molecules, such as those of the CD1 family.	5
Antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B or T cell.	201
Antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide	An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid.	82
Antimicrobial humoral response	An immune response against microbes mediated through a body fluid. Examples of this process are seen in the antimicrobial humoral response of Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus.	133
Antimicrobial peptide production	The synthesis or release of an antimicrobial peptide during an immune response, resulting in an increase in intracellular or extracellular levels. Such peptides may have protective properties against bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa.	11
Antiviral innate immune response	A defense response against viruses mediated through an innate immune response. An innate immune response is mediated by germline encoded components that directly recognize components of potential pathogens.	46
Antral ovarian follicle growth	Increase in size of antral follicles due to cell proliferation and/or growth of the antral cavity.	11
Aorta development	The progression of the aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.	63
Aorta morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of an aorta are generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.	36
Aorta smooth muscle tissue morphogenesis	The process in which the structure of the smooth muscle tissue surrounding the aorta is generated and organized. An aorta is an artery that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body.	5
Aortic valve morphogenesis	The process in which the structure of the aortic valve is generated and organized.	38
Apical junction assembly	The formation of an apical junction, a functional unit located near the cell apex at the points of contact between epithelial cells composed of the tight junction, the zonula adherens junction and the desmosomes, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.	76
Apical protein localization	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, apical regions of the cell.	15
Apolipoprotein A-I-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by apolipoprotein A-I binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Apoptotic DNA fragmentation	The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.	19
Apoptotic cell clearance	The recognition and removal of an apoptotic cell by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.	48
Apoptotic chromosome condensation	The compaction of chromatin during apoptosis.	6
Apoptotic mitochondrial changes	The morphological and physiological alterations undergone by mitochondria during apoptosis.	105
Apoptotic process in bone marrow cell	The apoptotic process in cells in the bone marrow.	5
Apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis	Any apoptotic process that is involved in blood vessel morphogenesis.	5
Apoptotic process involved in development	Any apoptotic process that is involved in anatomical structure development.	41
Apoptotic process involved in heart morphogenesis	Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of the heart.	7
Apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis	Any apoptotic process that contributes to the shaping of an anatomical structure.	27
Appendage development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an appendage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.	182
Appendage morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of appendages are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.	146
Arachidonic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving arachidonic acid, a straight chain fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds per molecule. Arachidonic acid is the all-Z-(5,8,11,14)-isomer.	58
Arachidonic acid secretion	The controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.	31
Arginine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.	5
Arginine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.	11
Arginine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.	20
Aromatic amino acid family catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).	16
Aromatic amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic amino acid family, amino acids with aromatic ring (phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).	32
Aromatic amino acid transport	The directed movement of aromatic amino acids, amino acids with aromatic ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	12
Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation	The actin nucleation process in which actin monomers combine to form a new branch on the side of an existing actin filament; mediated by the Arp2/3 protein complex and its interaction with other proteins.	46
Arterial endothelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized endothelial cell acquires specialized features of an arterial endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of arteries.	6
Artery development	The progression of the artery over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. An artery is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to a capillary bed.	109
Artery morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of arterial blood vessels are generated and organized. Arteries are blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the body and its organs.	79
Articular cartilage development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of articular cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	6
Ascending aorta development	The progression of the ascending aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The ascending aorta is the portion of the aorta in a two-pass circulatory system that lies between the heart and the arch of aorta. In a two-pass circulatory system blood passes twice through the heart to supply the body once.	5
Asparagine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.	5
Aspartate family amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.	21
Aspartate family amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.	17
Aspartate family amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the aspartate family, comprising asparagine, aspartate, lysine, methionine and threonine.	48
Aspartate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.	8
Aspartate transmembrane transport	The process in which aspartate is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other.	19
Associative learning	Learning by associating a stimulus (the cause) with a particular outcome (the effect).	85
Astral microtubule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of astral microtubules, any of the spindle microtubules that radiate in all directions from the spindle poles.	10
Astrocyte activation	A change in morphology and behavior of an astrocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	24
Astrocyte cell migration	The orderly movement of an astrocyte, a class of large neuroglial (macroglial) cells in the central nervous system, the largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord.	9
Astrocyte development	The process aimed at the progression of an astrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.	42
Astrocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an astrocyte. An astrocyte is the most abundant type of glial cell. Astrocytes provide support for neurons and regulate the environment in which they function.	86
Asymmetric cell division	The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.	19
Asymmetric neuroblast division	The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into two daughter cells with different developmental potentials.	6
Atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of an atrial cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.	11
Atrial cardiac muscle cell to AV node cell communication	The process that mediates interactions between an atrial cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the atrial cardiomyocyte communicating with an AV node cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.	19
Atrial cardiac muscle tissue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of cardiac muscle of the atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	22
Atrial cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of cardiac atrium muscle is generated and organized.	6
Atrial septum development	The progression of the atrial septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.	23
Atrial septum morphogenesis	The developmental process in which atrial septum is generated and organized. The atrial septum separates the upper chambers (the atria) of the heart from one another.	15
Atrioventricular canal development	The progression of the atrioventricular canal over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The atrioventricular canal is the part of the heart connecting the atrium to the cardiac ventricle.	13
Atrioventricular node development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the atrioventricular (AV) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The AV node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of ventricle contraction by receiving electrical signals from the sinoatrial (SA) node and relaying them to the His-Purkinje system.	9
Atrioventricular valve development	The progression of the atrioventricular valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	29
Atrioventricular valve formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the atrioventricular valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.	8
Attachment of GPI anchor to protein	A transamidation reaction that results in the cleavage of the polypeptide chain and the concomitant transfer of the GPI anchor to the newly formed carboxy-terminal amino acid of the anchored protein. The cleaved C-terminal contains the C-terminal GPI signal sequence of the newly synthesized polypeptide chain.	6
Attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore	The cellular process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex in mitosis.	21
Attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore	The process in which spindle microtubules become physically associated with the proteins making up the kinetochore complex.	49
Auditory receptor cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an auditory receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.	23
Auditory receptor cell morphogenesis	Any process that alters the size or shape of an auditory receptor cell.	19
Autocrine signaling	Signaling between cells of the same type. The signal produced by the signaling cell binds to a receptor on, and affects a cell of the same type.	7
Autonomic nervous system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the autonomic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The autonomic nervous system is composed of neurons that are not under conscious control, and is comprised of two antagonistic components, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The autonomic nervous system regulates key functions including the activity of the cardiac (heart) muscle, smooth muscles (e.g. of the gut), and glands.	46
Autophagic cell death	A form of programmed cell death that is accompanied by the formation of autophagosomes. Autophagic cell death is characterized by lack of chromatin condensation and massive vacuolization of the cytoplasm, with little or no uptake by phagocytic cells.	9
Autophagosome maturation	Removal of PI3P and Atg8/LC3 after the closure of the phagophore and before the fusion with the endosome/lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects) or vacuole (yeast), and that very likely destabilizes other Atg proteins and thus enables their efficient dissociation and recycling.	64
Autophagosome membrane docking	The initial attachment of an autophagosome membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.	7
Autophagosome organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an autophagosome.	120
Autophagosome-lysosome fusion	The process in which autophagosomes, double-membraned vesicles containing cytoplasmic material, fuse with a vacuole (yeast) or lysosome (e.g. mammals and insects). In the case of yeast, inner membrane-bounded structures (autophagic bodies) appear in the vacuole. Fusion provides an acidic environment and digestive function to the interior of the autophagosome.	9
Autophagy of mitochondrion	The autophagic process in which mitochondria are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.	95
Autophagy of peroxisome	The process in which peroxisomes are delivered to a type of vacuole and degraded in response to changing nutrient conditions.	10
Axial mesoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the axial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The axial mesoderm includes the prechordal mesoderm and the chordamesoderm. It gives rise to the prechordal plate and to the notochord.	9
Axis elongation	The developmental growth that results in the elongation of a line that defines polarity or symmetry in an anatomical structure.	29
Axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or around a point.	97
Axo-dendritic protein transport	The directed movement of proteins along microtubules in neuron projections.	9
Axo-dendritic transport	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in neuron projections.	78
Axon choice point recognition	The recognition of molecules at a choice point by an axon growth cone; at a choice point the growth cone determines the direction of its future growth.	7
Axon ensheathment in central nervous system	The process in which a glial cell membrane closes around an axon in the central nervous system. This can be a myelinating or a non-myelinating neuron-glial interaction.	27
Axon extension	Long distance growth of a single axon process involved in cellular development.	121
Axon guidance	The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.	233
Axon midline choice point recognition	The recognition of molecules at the central nervous system midline choice point by an axon growth cone; this choice point determines whether the growth cone will cross the midline.	5
Axonal fasciculation	The collection of axons into a bundle of rods, known as a fascicle.	21
Axonal transport	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.	66
Axonal transport of mitochondrion	The directed movement of mitochondria along microtubules in nerve cell axons.	18
Axonemal central apparatus assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal central apparatus.	6
Axonemal dynein complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein complex, a dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella, in which the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.	32
Axoneme assembly	The assembly and organization of an axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.	86
Axonogenesis involved in innervation	The neurite development process that generates a long process of a neuron, as it invades a target tissue.	9
Azole transmembrane transport	The directed movement of azoles, heterocyclic compounds found in many biologically important substances, across a lipid bilayer, across a membrane.	14
B cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	275
B cell activation involved in immune response	The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature B cell during an immune response, resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	89
B cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a B cell, a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.	27
B cell chemotaxis	The directed movement of a B cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).	8
B cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a B cell. A B cell is a lymphocyte of B lineage with the phenotype CD19-positive and capable of B cell mediated immunity.	153
B cell homeostasis	The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of B cells such that the total number of B cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.	34
B cell lineage commitment	The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to become any type of B cell.	6
B cell mediated immunity	Any process involved with the carrying out of an immune response by a B cell, through, for instance, the production of antibodies or cytokines, or antigen presentation to T cells.	194
B cell proliferation	The expansion of a B cell population by cell division. Follows B cell activation.	104
B cell proliferation involved in immune response	The expansion of a B cell population by cell division following B cell activation during an immune response.	6
B cell receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.	74
B-1 B cell differentiation	The process in which a hemopoietic stem cell acquires the specialized features of a B-1 B cell. B-1 B cells are a distinct subset of B cells characterized as being CD5 positive, found predominantly in the peritoneum, pleural cavities, and spleen, and enriched for self-reactivity.	5
Barbed-end actin filament capping	The binding of a protein or protein complex to the barbed (or plus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.	25
Base conversion or substitution editing	Any base modification or substitution events that result in alterations in the coding potential or structural properties of RNAs as a result of changes in the base-pairing properties of the modified ribonucleoside(s).	19
Base-excision repair	In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.	44
Base-excision repair, AP site formation	The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.	12
Base-excision repair, gap-filling	Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.	14
Basement membrane assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a basement membrane, a part of the extracellular region that consists of a thin layer of dense material found in various animal tissues interposed between the cells and the adjacent connective tissue.	9
Basement membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the basement membrane.	36
Basic amino acid transport	The directed movement of basic amino acids, amino acids with a pH above 7, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	22
Basolateral protein secretion	The controlled release of proteins from a cell at the sides which interface adjacent cells and near the base.	5
Behavioral response to cocaine	Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a cocaine stimulus.	14
Behavioral response to ethanol	Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of an ethanol stimulus.	10
Behavioral response to nicotine	Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a nicotine stimulus.	9
Behavioral response to pain	Any process that results in a change in the behavior of an organism as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.	19
Benzene-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving benzene, C6H6, a volatile, very inflammable liquid, contained in the naphtha produced by the destructive distillation of coal, from which it is separated by fractional distillation, or any of its derivatives.	26
Bergmann glial cell differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to Brgmann glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the cerebellum. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	11
Bicarbonate transport	The directed movement of bicarbonate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	34
Bile acid and bile salt transport	The directed movement of bile acid and bile salts into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	29
Bile acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.	37
Bile acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.	50
Bile acid secretion	The regulated release of bile acid, composed of any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, by a cell or a tissue.	11
Bile acid signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by bile acid binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	11
Binding of sperm to zona pellucida	The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.	38
Biogenic amine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.	100
Biological phase	A distinct period or stage in a biological process or cycle.	11
Biological process involved in interaction with host	An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term host is used for the larger (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.	212
Biological process involved in interaction with symbiont	An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. The term symbiont is used for the smaller (macro) of the two members of a symbiosis; the various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, commensalism and mutualism.	120
Biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms	Any process in which an organism has an effect on an organism of the same species.	54
Biomineral tissue development	Formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds, and also contain a small amounts of organic matrices that are believed to play important roles in their formation.	174
Blastocyst development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blastocyst over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammalian blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells containing two cell types, the inner cell mass and the trophectoderm.	116
Blastocyst formation	The initial formation of a blastocyst from a solid ball of cells known as a morula.	45
Blastocyst growth	An increase in size of a blastocyst due to expansion of the blastocoelic cavity cell shape changes and cell proliferation.	22
Blastoderm segmentation	The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.	25
Bleb assembly	The assembly of a bleb, a cell extension caused by localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane and characterized by rapid formation, rounded shape, and scarcity of organelles within the protrusion. Plasma membrane blebbing occurs during apoptosis and other cellular processes, including cell locomotion, cell division, and as a result of physical or chemical stresses.	11
Blood coagulation, fibrin clot formation	A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the cascade of enzymatic reactions initiated by physical damage to the wall of a blood vessel, leading to the formation of a formation of a fibrin clot at the site of the injury. The process also includes numerous positive and negative regulatory events.	16
Blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway	A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.	8
Blood vessel endothelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a blood vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of blood vessels.	12
Blood vessel endothelial cell migration	The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels during angiogenesis.	166
Blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis	The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population contributing to sprouting angiogenesis.	47
Blood vessel maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a blood vessel to attain its fully functional state.	8
Blood vessel remodeling	The reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.	46
Body fluid secretion	The controlled release of a fluid by a cell or tissue in an animal.	92
Body morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the soma are generated and organized.	49
Bone cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bone cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	18
Bone development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of bone over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Bone is the hard skeletal connective tissue consisting of both mineral and cellular components.	213
Bone growth	The increase in size or mass of a bone that contributes to the shaping of that bone.	32
Bone marrow development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the bone marrow over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	9
Bone maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for bone to attain its fully functional state.	28
Bone mineralization	The deposition of hydroxyapatite, a form of calcium phosphate with the formula Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, in bone tissue.	122
Bone mineralization involved in bone maturation	The deposition of hydroxyapatite, involved in the progression of the skeleton from its formation to its mature state.	13
Bone morphogenesis	The process in which bones are generated and organized.	99
Bone remodeling	The continuous turnover of bone matrix and mineral that involves first, an increase in resorption (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive bone formation (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. An imbalance in the regulation of bone resorption and bone formation results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis.	89
Bone resorption	The process in which specialized cells known as osteoclasts degrade the organic and inorganic portions of bone, and endocytose and transport the degradation products.	65
Bone trabecula formation	The process of creating a trabecula in the bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.	10
Bone trabecula morphogenesis	The process of shaping a trabecula in bone. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.	13
Box C/D snoRNP assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a box C/D snoRNA to form a box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.	9
Bradykinin catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the peptide bradykinin.	7
Brain morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the brain are generated and organized. The brain is one of the two components of the central nervous system and is the center of thought and emotion. It is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).	36
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	6
Brainstem development	The progression of the brainstem from its formation to the mature structure. The brainstem is the part of the brain that connects the brain with the spinal cord.	8
Branch elongation of an epithelium	The growth process in which a branch increases in length from its base to its tip.	19
Branched-chain amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.	5
Branched-chain amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.	21
Branched-chain amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing a branched carbon skeleton, comprising isoleucine, leucine and valine.	27
Branched-chain amino acid transport	The directed movement of branched-chain amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Branched-chain amino acids are amino acids with a branched carbon skeleton without rings.	14
Branching involved in blood vessel morphogenesis	The process of coordinated growth and sprouting of blood vessels giving rise to the organized vascular system.	36
Branching involved in labyrinthine layer morphogenesis	The process in which the branches of the fetal placental villi are generated and organized. The villous part of the placenta is called the labyrinth layer.	13
Branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis	The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.	21
Branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis	The process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.	12
Branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis	The process in which the branching structure of the salivary gland is generated and organized.	21
Branching morphogenesis of a nerve	The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in a nerve are generated and organized. This term refers to an anatomical structure (nerve) not a cell (neuron).	12
Branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube	The process in which the anatomical structures of branches in an epithelial tube are generated and organized. A tube is a long hollow cylinder.	156
Branchiomotor neuron axon guidance	The process in which a branchiomotor neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site. Branchiomotor neurons are located in the hindbrain and innervate branchial arch-derived muscles that control jaw movements, facial expression, the larynx, and the pharynx.	5
Bronchiole development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchiole from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchiole and ends with the mature structure. A bronchiole is the first airway branch that no longer contains cartilage; it is a branch of the bronchi.	5
Bronchus development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The bronchus is the portion of the airway that connects to the lungs.	11
Brown fat cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.	54
Brush border assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of adjacent microvilli through the formation of Ca(2+)-dependent adhesion links between them, forming a brush border.	7
Bud elongation involved in lung branching	The process in which a bud in the lung grows out from the point where it is formed.	7
Bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte communication	The process that mediates interactions between a bundle of His cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the bundle of His cell communicating with a Purkinje myocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.	15
Bundle of His cell to Purkinje myocyte signaling	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a bundle of His cardiomyocyte to a Purkinje myocyte.	7
C-X-C chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a the C-X-C chemokine type 4 receptor on the surface of a cell binding to one of it's physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	4
C-terminal protein amino acid modification	The alteration of the C-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.	13
C-terminal protein lipidation	The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the carboxy-terminus of a protein.	5
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.	20
C21-steroid hormone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.	37
C4-dicarboxylate transport	The directed movement of a C4-dicarboxylate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A C4-dicarboxylate is the anion of a dicarboxylic acid that contains four carbon atoms.	27
CAMKK-AMPK signaling cascade	The series of molecular signals in which calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity enabled by a CAMKK directly activates an AMPK. The cascade begins with calmodulin binding calcium which in turn binds CAMKK enabling its calmodulin-dependent protein kinase activity. The cascade ends with AMP-activated protein kinase activity.	9
CAMP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).	10
CAMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).	9
CAMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).	23
CAMP-mediated signaling	An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production of cyclic AMP (cAMP), and ends with activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.	53
CD4-positive or CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell lineage commitment	The process in which an immature T cell commits to CD4-positive T cell lineage or the CD8-positive lineage of alpha-beta T cells.	26
CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell.	10
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	119
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.	19
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell.	93
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	The expansion of a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.	22
CD40 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cell surface receptor CD40 to one of its physiological ligands, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	15
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	29
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell.	15
CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	The expansion of a CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell population by cell division.	9
CDP-choline pathway	The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.	7
CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CDP-diacylglycerol, CDP-1,2-diacylglycerol, a substance composed of diacylglycerol in glycosidic linkage with cytidine diphosphate.	13
CENP-A containing chromatin assembly	The formation of chromatin containing the histone H3 variant CENP-A to form centromeric chromatin. This specialised chromatin occurs at centromeric region in point centromeres, and the central core in modular centromeres.	10
CGMP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.	11
CGMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.	5
CGMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.	17
CGMP-mediated signaling	An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production of cyclic GMP (cGMP), and ends with activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.	31
CMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving CMP, cytidine monophosphate.	8
COP9 signalosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a COP9 signalosome.	5
COPI-coated vesicle budding	The evagination of a Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a COPI-coated vesicle.	6
COPII-coated vesicle budding	The evagination of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane, resulting in formation of a COPII-coated vesicle.	44
COPII-coated vesicle cargo loading	The formation of a macromolecular complex between the COPII coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by the COPII vesicle to the Golgi.	16
CRD-mediated mRNA stabilization	An mRNA stabilization process in which one or more RNA-binding proteins associate with a sequence in the open reading frame called the coding region instability determinant (CRD).	11
CUT catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).	5
Cadmium ion transmembrane transport	A process in which a cadmium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
Calcineurin-mediated signaling	Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell by activation of a transcription factor as a consequence of dephosphorylation by Ca(2+)-activated calcineurin. The process begins with calcium-dependent activation of the phosphatase calcineurin. Calcineurin is a calcium- and calmodulin-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase with a conserved function in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. In yeast and fungi, calcineurin regulates stress signaling and cell cycle, and sporulation and virulence in pathogenic fungi. In metazoans, calcineurin is involved in cell commitment, organogenesis and organ development and immune function of T-lymphocytes. By a conserved mechanism, calcineurin phosphatase activates fungal Crz1 and mammalian NFATc by dephosphorylation and translocation of these transcription factors to the nucleus to regulate gene expression.	48
Calcitonin family receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular member of the calcitonin family (e.g. adrenomedullin, adrenomedullin 2 (intermedin), amylin, calcitonin and calcitonin gene-related peptides (CGRPs)) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	8
Calcium activated phospholipid scrambling	The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet as a result of a calcium stimulus.	5
Calcium import into the mitochondrion	A process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.	12
Calcium ion export across plasma membrane	The directed movement of calcium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.	10
Calcium ion import	The directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.	47
Calcium ion import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of calcium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	52
Calcium ion import into sarcoplasmic reticulum	The directed movement of calcium ions into a sarcoplasmic reticulum.	6
Calcium ion transmembrane import into cytosol	A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into the cytosol by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	202
Calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel	A process in which a calcium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of a high voltage-gated calcium channel.	19
Calcium ion transport into cytosol	The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol.	28
Calcium ion-regulated exocytosis of neurotransmitter	The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles, where the release step is dependent on a rise in cytosolic calcium ion levels.	21
Calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules	The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that require the presence of calcium for the interaction.	47
Calcium-independent cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell-adhesion molecules	The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.	23
Calcium-ion regulated exocytosis	The release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle by fusion of the vesicle with the plasma membrane of a cell, induced by a rise in cytosolic calcium-ion levels.	66
Calcium-mediated signaling	Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via calcium ions.	209
Calmodulin dependent kinase signaling pathway	OBSOLETE. Any signal transduction pathway involving calmodulin dependent kinase activity.	11
Camera-type eye morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field.	133
Camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell in a camera-type eye.	30
Cannabinoid signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a cannabinoid binding to its receptor on the cell surface, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Cannabinoids are a class of diverse chemical compounds that include the endocannabinoids and the phytocannabinoids.	9
Canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette characterized by the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB, also known as the canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription. The canonical NF-kappaB pathway is mainly stimulated by proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, antigen ligands, and toll-like receptors (TLRs).	297
Canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to the progression of the heart over time. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.	5
Cap-dependent translational initiation	The process where the cap structure, composed of a 7- methylguanosine (m7G) group and associated cap-binding proteins, located at the 5' end of an mRNA molecule, which serves as a molecular tag that marks the spot where the 40S ribosomal subunit, is recruited and will then scan in a 5' to 3' direction until an AUG codon is encountered in an appropriate sequence context to initiate mRNA translation.	7
Carbohydrate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.	212
Carbohydrate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.	162
Carbohydrate derivative catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrate derivative.	177
Carbohydrate derivative transport	The directed movement of a carbohydrate derivative into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	87
Carbohydrate homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of a carbohydrate within an organism or cell.	249
Carbohydrate import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of a carbohydrate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	6
Carbohydrate mediated signaling	The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of carbohydrate.	11
Carbohydrate phosphorylation	The process of introducing a phosphate group into a carbohydrate, any organic compound based on the general formula Cx(H2O)y.	23
Carbohydrate transmembrane transport	The process in which a carbohydrate is transported across a membrane.	133
Carbohydrate transport	The directed movement of carbohydrate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carbohydrates are a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.	156
Carbon catabolite regulation of transcription	A transcription regulation process in which the presence of one carbon source leads to the modulation of the frequency, rate, or extent of transcription of specific genes involved in the metabolism of other carbon sources.	8
Carbon dioxide transport	The directed movement of carbon dioxide (CO2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	15
Cardiac atrium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac atrium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.	37
Cardiac atrium morphogenesis	The process in which the cardiac atrium is generated and organized. A cardiac atrium receives blood from a vein and pumps it to a cardiac ventricle.	29
Cardiac cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. A cardiac cell is a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.	89
Cardiac cell fate commitment	The commitment of cells to specific cardiac cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac cells. Cardiac cells are cells that comprise the organ which pumps blood through the circulatory system.	15
Cardiac chamber development	The progression of a cardiac chamber over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.	168
Cardiac chamber formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac chamber from unspecified parts. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.	12
Cardiac chamber morphogenesis	The process in which a cardiac chamber is generated and organized. A cardiac chamber is an enclosed cavity within the heart.	127
Cardiac conduction	Transfer of an organized electrical impulse across the heart to coordinate the contraction of cardiac muscles. The process begins with generation of an action potential (in the sinoatrial node (SA) in humans) and ends with a change in the rate, frequency, or extent of the contraction of the heart muscles.	97
Cardiac conduction system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac conduction system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cardiac conduction system consists of specialized cardiomyocytes that regulate the frequency of heart beat.	37
Cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition	A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	38
Cardiac fibroblast cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardiac fibroblast. A cardiac fibroblast is a connective tissue cell in the heart which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.	5
Cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis	The process in which the left cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.	16
Cardiac muscle cell action potential	An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell.	75
Cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in contraction	An action potential that occurs in a cardiac muscle cell and is involved in its contraction.	52
Cardiac muscle cell contraction	The actin filament-based process in which cytoplasmic actin filaments slide past one another resulting in contraction of a cardiac muscle cell.	75
Cardiac muscle cell differentiation	The process in which a cardiac muscle precursor cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.	127
Cardiac muscle cell fate commitment	The commitment of cells to specific cardiac muscle cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into cardiac muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction.	10
Cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of a cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.	38
Cardiac muscle cell myoblast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac myoblast. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.	12
Cardiac muscle cell proliferation	The expansion of a cardiac muscle cell population by cell division.	58
Cardiac muscle cell-cardiac muscle cell adhesion	The attachment of one cardiomyocyte to another cardiomyocyte via adhesion molecules.	7
Cardiac muscle contraction	Muscle contraction of cardiac muscle tissue.	137
Cardiac muscle myoblast proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of cardiac muscle myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a cardiac muscle myoblast cell population. A cardiac myoblast is a precursor cell that has been committed to a cardiac muscle cell fate but retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life.	6
Cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac muscle tissue are generated and organized.	60
Cardiac muscle tissue regeneration	The regrowth of cardiac muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.	8
Cardiac myofibril assembly	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cardiac myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac myofibril is a myofibril specific to cardiac muscle cells.	19
Cardiac neural crest cell development involved in outflow tract morphogenesis	The process aimed at the progression of a cardiac neural crest cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell that contributes to the shaping of the outflow tract.	13
Cardiac neural crest cell differentiation involved in heart development	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac neural crest cell that will migrate to the heart and contribute to its development. Cardiac neural crest cells are specialized cells that migrate toward the heart from the third, fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches.	16
Cardiac neural crest cell migration involved in outflow tract morphogenesis	The orderly movement of a neural crest cell from one site to another that will contribute to the morphogenesis of the outflow tract.	11
Cardiac pacemaker cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a pacemaker cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.	9
Cardiac pacemaker cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a pacemaker cell. Pacemaker cells are specialized cardiomyocytes that are responsible for regulating the timing of heart contractions.	11
Cardiac right ventricle morphogenesis	The process in which the right cardiac ventricle is generated and organized.	21
Cardiac septum cell differentiation	The process in which an endocardial cushion cell becomes a cell of a cardiac septum.	5
Cardiac septum development	The progression of a cardiac septum over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure.	108
Cardiac septum morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of a cardiac septum is generated and organized. A cardiac septum is a partition that separates parts of the heart.	72
Cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell. A cardiac vascular smooth muscle cell covers the heart vasculature and lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers.	10
Cardiac ventricle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cardiac ventricle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.	127
Cardiac ventricle formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a cardiac ventricle from unspecified parts. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.	8
Cardiac ventricle morphogenesis	The process in which the cardiac ventricle is generated and organized. A cardiac ventricle receives blood from a cardiac atrium and pumps it out of the heart.	72
Cardioblast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.	17
Cardioblast proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of cardioblasts, resulting in the expansion of the population in the heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.	10
Cardiocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cell that will form part of the cardiac organ of an individual.	160
Cardiolipin acyl-chain remodeling	Remodeling the acyl chains of premature (de novo synthesized) cardiolipin (1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol), through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate mature cardiolipin containing high-levels of unsaturated fatty acids.	5
Cardiolipin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.	7
Cardiolipin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cardiolipin, 1,3-bis(3-phosphatidyl)glycerol.	15
Carnitine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving carnitine (hydroxy-trimethyl aminobutyric acid), a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	12
Carnitine transmembrane transport	The directed movement of carnitine across a membrane.	7
Carnitine transport	The directed movement of carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Carnitine is a compound that participates in the transfer of acyl groups across the inner mitochondrial membrane.	9
Cartilage condensation	The condensation of mesenchymal cells that have been committed to differentiate into chondrocytes.	19
Cartilage development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cartilage element over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage elements are skeletal elements that consist of connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.	205
Cartilage development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones.	33
Cartilage morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of cartilage are generated and organized.	10
Catechol-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.	22
Catechol-containing compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of catechol-containing compounds. Catechol is a compound containing a pyrocatechol nucleus or substituent.	9
Catechol-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a compound containing a pyrocatechol (1,2-benzenediol) nucleus or substituent.	57
Catecholamine secretion	The regulated release of catecholamines by a cell. The catecholamines are a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.	61
Catecholamine uptake	The directed movement of catecholamine into a cell.	18
Catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	The uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.	12
Caveola assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a caveola. A caveola is a plasma membrane raft that forms a small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.	5
Caveolin-mediated endocytosis	An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into plasma membrane caveolae, which then pinch off to form endocytic caveolar carriers.	11
Cdc42 protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Cdc42 subfamily relays a signal.	17
Cell adhesion involved in heart morphogenesis	The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules that contributes to the shaping of the heart.	6
Cell adhesion mediated by integrin	The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.	88
Cell adhesion molecule production	The appearance of a cell adhesion molecule due to biosynthesis or secretion.	20
Cell aggregation	The clustering together and adhesion of initially separate cells to form an aggregate. Examples include the clustering of unicellular organisms or blood cells in suspension and the condensation of mesenchymal cells during cartilage formation.	23
Cell communication by electrical coupling	The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.	34
Cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction	The process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels and contributes to the process of cardiac conduction.	27
Cell communication involved in cardiac conduction	Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings that contributes to the process of cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.	60
Cell cycle DNA replication	The DNA-dependent DNA replication that takes place as part of the cell cycle.	45
Cell cycle DNA replication initiation	Any DNA replication initiation that is involved in cell cycle DNA replication.	5
Cell cycle G1/S phase transition	The cell cycle process by which a cell in G1 phase commits to S phase.	268
Cell cycle G2/M phase transition	The cell cycle process by which a cell in G2 phase commits to M phase.	152
Cell cycle checkpoint signaling	A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression by monitoring the integrity of specific cell cycle events. A cell cycle checkpoint begins with detection of deficiencies or defects and ends with signal transduction.	191
Cell differentiation in hindbrain	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mature cells of the hindbrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	23
Cell differentiation in spinal cord	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the spinal cord. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	50
Cell differentiation involved in embryonic placenta development	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of the embryonic placenta.	24
Cell differentiation involved in kidney development	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	57
Cell differentiation involved in metanephros development	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	23
Cell differentiation involved in phenotypic switching	A cell differentiation process that is a part of a reversible switch of a cell from one cell type or form to another, at a frequency above the expected frequency for somatic mutations.	4
Cell fate commitment	The cellular developmental process by which a cell establishes the intrinsic character of a cell or tissue region irreversibly committing it to a particular fate.	284
Cell fate commitment involved in formation of primary germ layer	The commitment of cells to specific cell fates of the endoderm, ectoderm, or mesoderm as a part of gastrulation.	32
Cell fate commitment involved in pattern specification	The commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells within a field of cells that will exhibit a certain pattern of differentiation. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a developmental field resulting in specification of a cell type. Those signals are then interpreted in a cell-autonomous manner resulting in the determination of the cell type.	11
Cell fate determination	The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment that occurs after cell fate specification, in which a cell is irreversibly committed to a cellular developmental fate which is heritable on cell division.	42
Cell fate specification	The cellular developmental process involved in cell fate commitment in which the cell is designated to follow a developmental path, unless they receive extrinsic cues that direct an alternative fate.	110
Cell fate specification involved in pattern specification	The process involved in the specification of the identity of a cell in a field of cells that is being instructed as to how to differentiate. Once specification has taken place, that cell will be committed to differentiate down a specific pathway if left in its normal environment.	7
Cell junction disassembly	The disaggregation of a cell junction into its constituent components.	27
Cell junction maintenance	The organization process that preserves a cell junction in a stable functional or structural state. A cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix.	46
Cell killing	Any process in an organism that results in the killing of its own cells or those of another organism, including in some cases the death of the other organism. Killing here refers to the induction of death in one cell by another cell, not cell-autonomous death due to internal or other environmental conditions.	225
Cell maturation	The cellular developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a specific cell to attain its fully functional state.	194
Cell migration in hindbrain	The orderly movement of a cell that will reside in the hindbrain.	17
Cell migration involved in gastrulation	The migration of individual cells within the blastocyst to help establish the multi-layered body plan of the organism (gastrulation). For example, the migration of cells from the surface to the interior of the embryo (ingression).	15
Cell migration involved in heart development	The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the heart over time, from its initial formation, to the mature organ.	21
Cell migration involved in kidney development	The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.	6
Cell migration involved in metanephros development	The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another that will contribute to the progression of the metanephric kidney over time, from its formation to the mature organ.	5
Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	The orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels involved in sprouting angiogenesis.	86
Cell motility involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration	The movement of a cell along the process of a radial glial cell involved in cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.	8
Cell proliferation in bone marrow	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the bone marrow.	10
Cell proliferation in forebrain	The creation of greater cell numbers in the forebrain due to cell division of progenitor cells.	27
Cell proliferation in hindbrain	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the hindbrain.	16
Cell proliferation in midbrain	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population in the midbrain.	8
Cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the heart.	19
Cell proliferation involved in kidney development	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the kidney.	23
Cell proliferation involved in metanephros development	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of the population in the metanephros.	10
Cell recognition	The process in which a cell in an organism interprets its surroundings.	154
Cell redox homeostasis	Any process that maintains the redox environment of a cell or compartment within a cell.	41
Cell surface pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.	70
Cell surface receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in heart development	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand the binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which contributes to the progression of the heart over time.	25
Cell surface receptor signaling pathway via STAT	An intracellular signal transduction process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The STAT cascade begins with receptor activation followed by activation of STAT proteins by kinases. It proceeds through STA dimerization and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT proteins, and ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.	186
Cell volume homeostasis	Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.	35
Cell-cell adhesion involved in gastrulation	The attachment of one cell to another cell affecting gastrulation.	12
Cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin	The attachment of one cell to another cell via a cadherin, transmembrane proteins having repeating extracellular calcium ion binding domains.	48
Cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin	The attachment of one cell to another cell via an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits.	17
Cell-cell adhesion via plasma-membrane adhesion molecules	The attachment of one cell to another cell via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.	281
Cell-cell junction assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.	157
Cell-cell junction disassembly	The disaggregation of a cell-cell junction into its constituent components.	5
Cell-cell junction maintenance	The maintenance of junctions between cells.	18
Cell-cell junction organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-cell junction. A cell-cell junction is a specialized region of connection between two cells.	215
Cell-cell recognition	Cell recognition between cells. May involve the formation of specialized cell junctions.	72
Cell-cell signaling involved in cardiac conduction	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another and contributes to the heart process that regulates cardiac muscle contraction; beginning with the generation of an action potential in the sinoatrial node and ending with regulation of contraction of the myocardium.	34
Cell-matrix adhesion	The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.	235
Cell-substrate junction disassembly	The disaggregation of a cell-substrate junction into its constituent components.	8
Cell-substrate junction organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a cell-substrate junction. A cell-substrate junction is a specialized region of connection between a cell and the extracellular matrix.	102
Cellular aldehyde metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.	70
Cellular component assembly involved in morphogenesis	The cellular component assembly that is part of the initial shaping of the component during its developmental progression.	125
Cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis	The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.	31
Cellular component maintenance	The organization process that preserves a cellular component in a stable functional or structural state.	73
Cellular defense response	A defense response that is mediated by cells.	51
Cellular detoxification of aldehyde	Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity of an aldehyde. These may include transport of aldehydes away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.	9
Cellular extravasation	The migration of a leukocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.	73
Cellular glucuronidation	The modification of an organic chemical by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The substances resulting from glucuronidation are known as glucuronosides (or glucuronides) and are often much more water-soluble than the non-glucuronic acid-containing precursor.	21
Cellular hyperosmotic response	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.	20
Cellular hypotonic response	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.	11
Cellular ketone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms, as carried out by individual cells. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.	226
Cellular lipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.	12
Cellular lipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids, as carried out by individual cells.	223
Cellular metabolic compound salvage	Any process which produces a useful metabolic compound from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis, as carried out by individual cells.	31
Cellular modified amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.	28
Cellular modified amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.	22
Cellular modified amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.	126
Cellular oxidant detoxification	Any process carried out at the cellular level that reduces or removes the toxicity superoxide radicals or hydrogen peroxide.	98
Cellular pigmentation	The deposition or aggregation of coloring matter in a cell.	63
Cellular respiration	The enzymatic release of energy from inorganic and organic compounds (especially carbohydrates and fats) which either requires oxygen (aerobic respiration) or does not (anaerobic respiration).	241
Cellular response to ATP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.	18
Cellular response to L-glutamate	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-glutamate(1-) stimulus.	5
Cellular response to L-leucine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-leucine stimulus.	12
Cellular response to UV	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.	89
Cellular response to UV-A	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.	11
Cellular response to UV-B	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.	12
Cellular response to UV-C	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.	4
Cellular response to X-ray	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).	11
Cellular response to acid chemical	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of the dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.	91
Cellular response to acidic pH	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.	17
Cellular response to alcohol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.	103
Cellular response to aldehyde	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldehyde stimulus.	17
Cellular response to aldosterone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus.	8
Cellular response to alkaloid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.	36
Cellular response to ammonium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.	5
Cellular response to amyloid-beta	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.	45
Cellular response to antibiotic	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.	12
Cellular response to arsenic-containing substance	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.	18
Cellular response to biotic stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a biotic stimulus, a stimulus caused or produced by a living organism.	256
Cellular response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulus	A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a brain-derived neurotrophic factor stimulus.	8
Cellular response to cAMP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.	51
Cellular response to cGMP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.	7
Cellular response to cadmium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.	37
Cellular response to caffeine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.	11
Cellular response to calcium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.	86
Cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.	150
Cellular response to cholesterol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cholesterol stimulus.	20
Cellular response to cocaine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.	8
Cellular response to cold	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.	13
Cellular response to copper ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.	26
Cellular response to corticosteroid stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	60
Cellular response to decreased oxygen levels	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting a decline in the level of oxygen.	152
Cellular response to dexamethasone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.	24
Cellular response to dsRNA	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.	22
Cellular response to electrical stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.	13
Cellular response to epinephrine stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.	11
Cellular response to estradiol stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.	38
Cellular response to estrogen stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.	19
Cellular response to ethanol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.	13
Cellular response to ether	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.	6
Cellular response to exogenous dsRNA	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an exogenous double-stranded RNA stimulus.	16
Cellular response to fatty acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.	33
Cellular response to fluid shear stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.	20
Cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.	10
Cellular response to gamma radiation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.	27
Cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.	12
Cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.	50
Cellular response to glucose starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of glucose.	49
Cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.	18
Cellular response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.	6
Cellular response to growth hormone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.	26
Cellular response to heat	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.	67
Cellular response to heparin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.	5
Cellular response to histamine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.	7
Cellular response to hydrogen peroxide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.	67
Cellular response to hydroperoxide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.	8
Cellular response to hyperoxia	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.	5
Cellular response to increased oxygen levels	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.	12
Cellular response to indole-3-methanol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.	5
Cellular response to inorganic substance	OBSOLETE. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inorganic substance stimulus.	228
Cellular response to insulin stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.	207
Cellular response to insulin-like growth factor stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin-like growth factor stimulus.	8
Cellular response to interferon-alpha	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.	8
Cellular response to interferon-beta	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.	26
Cellular response to interleukin-1	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.	108
Cellular response to ionizing radiation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.	70
Cellular response to iron ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.	9
Cellular response to ketone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ketone stimulus.	103
Cellular response to laminar fluid shear stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers.	8
Cellular response to lead ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.	5
Cellular response to leptin stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism.	17
Cellular response to leucine starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of leucine.	13
Cellular response to light stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light stimulus, electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths classified as infrared, visible or ultraviolet light.	122
Cellular response to lipoprotein particle stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoprotein particle stimulus.	39
Cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.	5
Cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.	13
Cellular response to magnesium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.	7
Cellular response to manganese ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.	10
Cellular response to mechanical stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.	72
Cellular response to mineralocorticoid stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.	12
Cellular response to muramyl dipeptide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.	9
Cellular response to nicotine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.	8
Cellular response to nitrogen starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.	12
Cellular response to nitrosative stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.	6
Cellular response to nutrient	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.	48
Cellular response to osmotic stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.	53
Cellular response to oxidative stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.	249
Cellular response to oxidised low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxidized lipoprotein particle stimulus.	12
Cellular response to oxygen levels	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of oxygen.	168
Cellular response to oxygen radical	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.	24
Cellular response to oxygen-glucose deprivation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the deprivation of oxygen and glucose.	8
Cellular response to pH	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.	27
Cellular response to parathyroid hormone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.	10
Cellular response to peptidoglycan	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.	6
Cellular response to potassium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.	13
Cellular response to progesterone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.	7
Cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.	16
Cellular response to prostaglandin stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.	21
Cellular response to purine-containing compound	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.	14
Cellular response to radiation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electromagnetic radiation stimulus. Electromagnetic radiation is a propagating wave in space with electric and magnetic components. These components oscillate at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation.	180
Cellular response to reactive nitrogen species	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive nitrogen species stimulus.	17
Cellular response to reactive oxygen species	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.	148
Cellular response to retinoic acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.	67
Cellular response to salt	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a salt stimulus.	198
Cellular response to salt stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.	14
Cellular response to sodium arsenite	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.	5
Cellular response to starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nourishment.	176
Cellular response to steroid hormone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a steroid hormone stimulus.	206
Cellular response to sterol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.	25
Cellular response to sterol depletion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.	16
Cellular response to temperature stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.	5
Cellular response to testosterone stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.	12
Cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus	A change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.	17
Cellular response to topologically incorrect protein	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.	109
Cellular response to toxic substance	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.	127
Cellular response to type II interferon	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.	118
Cellular response to unfolded protein	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.	89
Cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.	73
Cellular response to virus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a virus.	84
Cellular response to vitamin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.	30
Cellular response to vitamin D	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.	22
Cellular response to water stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.	6
Cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	192
Cellular response to zinc ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.	24
Cellular senescence	A cell aging process stimulated in response to cellular stress, whereby normal cells lose the ability to divide through irreversible cell cycle arrest.	103
Central nervous system maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the central nervous system to attain its fully functional state. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.	7
Central nervous system myelin formation	The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon by an oligodendrocyte in the central nervous system.	8
Central nervous system myelin maintenance	The process in which the structure and material content of mature central nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.	5
Central nervous system neuron axonogenesis	Generation of a long process from a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system. The process carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.	39
Central nervous system neuron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron whose cell body is located in the central nervous system, from initial commitment of the cell to a neuronal fate, to the fully functional differentiated neuron.	88
Central nervous system neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the central nervous system.	180
Central nervous system projection neuron axonogenesis	Generation of a long process of a CNS neuron, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells in a different central nervous system region.	29
Centriole assembly	A cellular process that results in the assembly of one or more centrioles.	49
Centriole elongation	The centrosome organization process by which a centriole increases in length as part of the process of replication.	8
Centriole-centriole cohesion	The cell cycle process in which the two centrioles within a centrosome remain tightly paired.	15
Centromere complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex. Includes the formation of the chromatin structures which form a platform for the kinetochore, and assembly of the kinetochore onto this specialized chromatin. In fission yeast and higher eukaryotes this process also includes the formation of heterochromatin at the outer repeat (pericentric) regions of the centromere.	30
Centromeric sister chromatid cohesion	The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the length of the centromeric region of the chromosome.	11
Centrosome duplication	The replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.	76
Centrosome separation	The process in which duplicated centrosome components move away from each other. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.	15
Ceramide 1-phosphate transport	The directed movement of a ceramide 1-phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	7
Ceramide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.	67
Ceramide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ceramides, any N-acetylated sphingoid.	20
Ceramide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramides, any N-acylated sphingoid.	106
Ceramide transport	The directed movement of ceramides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.	17
Cerebellar Purkinje cell layer development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.	27
Cerebellar Purkinje cell layer formation	The process that gives rise to the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.	14
Cerebellar Purkinje cell layer morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar Purkinje cell layer is generated and organized. The Purkinje cell layer lies just underneath the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. It contains the neuronal cell bodies of the Purkinje cells that are arranged side by side in a single layer. Candelabrum interneurons are vertically oriented between the Purkinje cells. Purkinje neurons are inhibitory and provide the output of the cerebellar cortex through axons that project into the white matter. Extensive dendritic trees from the Purkinje cells extend upward in a single plane into the molecular layer where they synapse with parallel fibers of granule cells.	18
Cerebellar Purkinje cell-granule cell precursor cell signaling involved in regulation of granule cell precursor cell proliferation	The process that mediates the transfer of information from Purkinje cells to granule cell precursors resulting in an increase in rate of granule cell precursor cell proliferation.	5
Cerebellar cortex development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar cortex over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.	50
Cerebellar cortex formation	The process that gives rise to the cerebellar cortex. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.	25
Cerebellar cortex morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cerebellar cortex is a thin mantle of gray matter that covers the surface of each cerebral hemisphere. It has a characteristic morphology with convolutions (gyri) and crevices (sulci) that have specific functions. Six layers of nerve cells and the nerve pathways that connect them comprise the cerebellar cortex. Together, these regions are responsible for the processes of conscious thought, perception, emotion and memory as well as advanced motor function.	35
Cerebellar granular layer development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cerebellar granule layer over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.	13
Cerebellar granular layer formation	The process that gives rise to the cerebellar granule layer. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.	7
Cerebellar granular layer morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the cerebellar granular layer is generated and organized. The granular layer is the innermost layer of the cerebellar cortex. This layer contains densely packed small neurons, mostly granule cells. Some Golgi cells are found at the outer border. Granule neurons send parallel fibers to the upper molecular layer, where they synapse with Purkinje cell dendrites. Mossy fibers from the pontine nuclei in the white matter synapse with granule cell axons, Golgi cell axons and unipolar brush interneuron axons at cerebellar glomeruli in the granule cell layer.	9
Cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron over time, from initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	7
Cerebral cortex GABAergic interneuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a GABAergic interneuron residing in the cerebral cortex.	11
Cerebral cortex cell migration	The orderly movement of cells from one site to another in the cerebral cortex.	48
Cerebral cortex development	The progression of the cerebral cortex over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The cerebral cortex is the outer layered region of the telencephalon.	124
Cerebral cortex neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron residing in the cerebral cortex.	27
Cerebral cortex radially oriented cell migration	The migration of cells in the developing cerebral cortex in which cells move from the ventricular and/or subventricular zone toward the surface of the brain.	36
Cerebral cortex regionalization	The regionalization process that results in the creation of areas within the cerebral cortex that will direct the behavior of cell migration and differentiation as the cortex develops.	7
Cerebral cortex tangential migration	The migration of cells in the cerebral cortex in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.	6
Cerebrospinal fluid circulation	The neurological system process driven by motile cilia on ependymal cells of the brain by which cerebrospinal fluid circulates from the sites of secretion to the sites of absorption. In ventricular cavities, the flow is unidirectional and rostrocaudal, in subarachnoid spaces, the flow is multi-directional.	11
Chaperone cofactor-dependent protein refolding	The process of assisting in the correct posttranslational noncovalent assembly of proteins, which is dependent on additional protein cofactors. This process occurs over one or several cycles of nucleotide hydrolysis-dependent binding and release.	32
Chaperone-mediated autophagy	The autophagy process which begins when chaperones and co-chaperones recognize a target motif and unfold the substrate protein. The proteins are then transported to the lysosome where they are degraded.	15
Chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex, mediated by chaperone molecules that do not form part of the finished complex.	23
Chaperone-mediated protein folding	The process of inhibiting aggregation and assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that is dependent on interaction with a chaperone.	75
Chemical synaptic transmission, postsynaptic	The part of synaptic transmission occurring in the post-synapse: a signal transduction pathway consisting of neurotransmitter receptor activation and its effects on postsynaptic membrane potential and the ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol.	115
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production	The appearance of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	11
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production	The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	6
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the chemokine CXCL12 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production	The appearance of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	19
Chemokine production	The appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.	99
Chemorepulsion of axon	The process in which a neuron growth cone is directed to a specific target site in response to a repulsive chemical cue.	6
Chemosensory behavior	Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of chemicals.	18
Chiasma assembly	The cell cycle process in which a connection between chromatids assembles, indicating where an exchange of homologous segments has taken place by the crossing-over of non-sister chromatids.	7
Chitin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.	6
Chloride transport	The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	125
Cholangiocyte proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of cholangiocytes, resulting in the expansion of the cholangiocyte population. A cholangiocyte is an epithelial cell that is part of the bile duct. Cholangiocytes contribute to bile secretion via net release of bicarbonate and water.	5
Cholesterol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	9
Cholesterol efflux	The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.	70
Cholesterol import	The directed movement of cholesterol into a cell or organelle.	9
Cholesterol storage	The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	23
Choline metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium), an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	6
Choline transport	The directed movement of choline into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Choline (2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium) is an amino alcohol that occurs widely in living organisms as a constituent of certain types of phospholipids and in the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	9
Chondroblast differentiation	The process in which a mesenchymal cell, acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondroblast. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a chondroblast fate. A chondroblast is a precursor cell to chondrocytes.	5
Chondrocyte development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.	32
Chondrocyte development involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis	The progression of a chondrocyte over time from after its commitment to its mature state where the chondrocyte will contribute to the shaping of an endochondral bone.	8
Chondrocyte differentiation	The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.	116
Chondrocyte differentiation involved in endochondral bone morphogenesis	The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the development of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.	15
Chondrocyte hypertrophy	The growth of a chondrocyte, where growth contributes to the progression of the chondrocyte over time.	6
Chondrocyte proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.	25
Chondroitin sulfate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.	19
Chondroitin sulfate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate, any member of a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues, the repeat units of which consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate. They usually occur linked to a protein to form proteoglycans. Two subgroups exist, one in which the sulfate is on the 4-position (chondroitin sulfate A) and the second in which it is in the 6-position (chondroitin sulfate C). They often are polydisperse and often differ in the degree of sulfation from tissue to tissue. The chains of repeating disaccharide are covalently linked to the side chains of serine residues in the polypeptide backbone of a protein by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide unit galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl. Chondroitin sulfate B is more usually known as dermatan sulfate.	27
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.	24
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are chondroitin sulfate. Chondroitin sulfates are a group of 10-60 kDa glycosaminoglycans, widely distributed in cartilage and other mammalian connective tissues; the repeat units consist of beta-(1,4)-linked D-glucuronyl beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine sulfate.	32
Chorio-allantoic fusion	The cell-cell adhesion process in which the cells of the chorion fuse to the cells of the allantois.	7
Chorion development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chorion from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The chorion is an extraembryonic membrane.	10
Chorionic trophoblast cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells of the ectoplacental cone acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize chorionic trophoblasts. These cells will migrate towards the spongiotrophoblast layer and give rise to syncytiotrophoblasts of the labyrinthine layer.	7
Chorionic trophoblast cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of chorionic trophoblast cells, resulting in the expansion of their population.	5
Chromatin looping	A chromatin organization process that starts with the loading of an extrusion motor (by an SMC family complex) onto the chromatin, followed by chromatin extrusion that stops at loop anchoring sites on the chromosome.	11
Chromosome attachment to the nuclear envelope	The process in which chromatin is anchored to the nuclear envelope.	7
Chromosome condensation	The progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.	47
Chromosome localization	Any process in which a chromosome is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	118
Chromosome movement towards spindle pole	The directed movement of chromosomes in the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles, mediated by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes.	7
Chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle	A process of chromosome organization that is involved in a meiotic cell cycle.	65
Chromosome separation	The cell cycle process in which paired chromosomes are detached from each other. Chromosome separation begins with the release of cohesin complexes from chromosomes; in budding yeast, this includes the cleavage of cohesin complexes along the chromosome arms, followed by the separation of the centromeric regions. Chromosome separation also includes formation of chromatid axes mediated by condensins, and ends with the disentangling of inter-sister catenation catalyzed by topoisomerase II (topo II).	81
Chronic inflammatory response	Inflammation of prolonged duration (weeks or months) in which active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair are proceeding simultaneously. Although it may follow acute inflammation, chronic inflammation frequently begins insidiously, as a low-grade, smoldering, often asymptomatic response.	19
Ciliary basal body organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ciliary basal body, a short cylindrical array of microtubules and associated proteins found at the base of a eukaryotic cilium (also called flagellum).	5
Ciliary body morphogenesis	The process in which the ciliary body generated and organized. The ciliary body is the circumferential tissue inside the eye composed of the ciliary muscle and ciliary processes.	5
Ciliary neurotrophic factor-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	5
Cilium disassembly	A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a cilium.	6
Cilium movement	The directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.	192
Cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility	Cell motility due to movement of eukaryotic cilia or bacterial-type flagella or archaeal-type flagella.	158
Circadian regulation of gene expression	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression such that an expression pattern recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.	68
Circadian rhythm	Any biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.	202
Circadian sleep/wake cycle	The cycle from wakefulness through an orderly succession of sleep states and stages that occurs on an approximately 24 hour rhythm.	21
Circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	All sleep stages in the circadian sleep/wake cycle other than REM sleep. These stages are characterized by a slowing of brain waves and other physiological functions.	6
Circadian sleep/wake cycle, sleep	The part of the circadian sleep/wake cycle where the organism is asleep.	16
Citrate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.	5
Citrate transport	The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Citrulline biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.	5
Citrulline metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrulline, N5-carbamoyl-L-ornithine, an alpha amino acid not found in proteins.	8
Clathrin coat assembly	The process that results in the assembly of clathrin triskelia into the ordered structure known as a clathrin cage.	17
Clathrin-coated vesicle cargo loading	Formation of a macromolecular complex between the cytoplasmic coat proteins on clathrin-coated vesicles and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.	7
Clathrin-dependent endocytosis	An endocytosis process that begins when material is taken up into clathrin-coated pits, which then pinch off to form clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.	48
Clearance of foreign intracellular nucleic acids	A defense process that protects an organism from DNA or RNA from an invading organism.	6
Cleavage furrow formation	Generation of the cleavage furrow, a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate that marks the site of cytokinesis. This process includes the recruitment and localized activation of signals such as RhoA at the site of the future furrow to ensure that furrowing initiates at the correct site in the cell.	7
Clustering of voltage-gated sodium channels	The process in which voltage-gated sodium channels become localized together in high densities. In animals, nodes of Ranvier differ dramatically from internodal axonal regions in very high densities of voltage-dependent sodium (Nav) channels responsible for the rapid, inward ionic currents that produce membrane depolarization.	6
Co-transcriptional RNA 3'-end processing, cleavage and polyadenylation pathway	Any process involved in transcription termination-coupled 3' processing of RNA polymerase II RNA transcripts by 3' end cleavage and addition of a poly(A) tail.	6
Co-transcriptional mRNA 3'-end processing, cleavage and polyadenylation pathway	Any process involved in transcription termination-coupled 3' processing of RNA polymerase II mRNA transcripts by the 3' end cleavage and addition of a poly(A) tail.	5
Cobalamin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom.	9
Cobalamin transport	The directed movement of cobalamin (vitamin B12), a water-soluble vitamin characterized by possession of a corrin nucleus containing a cobalt atom, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	9
Cobalt ion transport	The directed movement of cobalt (Co2+) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Cochlea development	The progression of the cochlea over time from its formation to the mature structure. The cochlea is the snail-shaped portion of the inner ear that is responsible for the detection of sound.	47
Cochlea morphogenesis	The process in which the cochlea is generated and organized.	24
Coenzyme A biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.	11
Coenzyme A metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving coenzyme A, 3'-phosphoadenosine-(5')diphospho(4')pantatheine, an acyl carrier in many acylation and acyl-transfer reactions in which the intermediate is a thiol ester.	19
Collagen biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).	45
Collagen catabolic process	The proteolytic chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of collagen in the extracellular matrix, usually carried out by proteases secreted by nearby cells.	45
Collagen fibril organization	Any process that determines the size and arrangement of collagen fibrils within an extracellular matrix.	64
Collagen metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals. Collagen is highly enriched in glycine (some regions are 33% glycine) and proline, occurring predominantly as 3-hydroxyproline (about 20%).	103
Collagen-activated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to a cell surface receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	15
Collagen-activated tyrosine kinase receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by collagen binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	10
Collateral sprouting	The process in which outgrowths develop from the shafts of existing axons.	28
Collateral sprouting in absence of injury	The process in which outgrowths develop from the axons of intact undamaged neurons.	5
Collecting duct development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. It is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.	15
Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.	50
Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.	120
Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell maturation	The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface. Columnar/cuboidal epithelial cells take on the shape of a column or cube.	13
Comma-shaped body morphogenesis	The process in which the comma-shaped body is generated and organized. The comma-shaped body is the precursor structure to the S-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.	5
Commissural neuron axon guidance	The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a commissural neuron is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.	12
Common bile duct development	The progression of the common bile duct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The common bile duct is formed from the joining of the common hepatic duct running from the liver, and the cystic duct running from the gallbladder. The common bile duct transports bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.	5
Common myeloid progenitor cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of common myeloid progenitor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A common myeloid progenitor cell is a progenitor cell committed to the myeloid lineage.	9
Compartment pattern specification	The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.	5
Complement activation	Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.	67
Complement activation, alternative pathway	Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.	18
Complement activation, classical pathway	Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.	42
Complement activation, lectin pathway	Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.	11
Complement receptor mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a component of the complement pathway binding to a complement receptor. Such components include both whole complement proteins and fragments of complement proteins generated through the activity of the complement pathway.	13
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity	Cell killing caused by the membrane attack complex formed following complement activation.	14
Connective tissue development	The progression of a connective tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	285
Connective tissue replacement	The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared.	17
Connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing	The series of events leading to growth of connective tissue when loss of tissues that are incapable of regeneration occurs, or when fibrinous exudate cannot be adequately cleared, as part of an inflammatory response.	6
Constitutive heterochromatin formation	The compaction of chromatin into a conformation that is refactory to transcription.	13
Constitutive secretory pathway	A process of exocytosis found in all eukaryotic cells, in which transport vesicles destined for the plasma membrane leave the trans-Golgi network in a steady stream. Upon exocytosis, the membrane proteins and lipids in these vesicles provide new components for the plasma membrane, and the soluble proteins inside the vesicles are released into the extracellular space.	7
Convergent extension	The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis.	15
Convergent extension involved in axis elongation	The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contributing to the lengthening of the axis of an organism.	6
Convergent extension involved in gastrulation	The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis usually resulting in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.	9
Convergent extension involved in organogenesis	The morphogenetic process in which an epithelium narrows along one axis and lengthens in a perpendicular axis contribution to the shaping of an organ.	5
Copper ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions within an organism or cell.	20
Copper ion import	The directed movement of copper ions into a cell or organelle.	7
Copper ion transmembrane transport	The directed movement of copper cation across a membrane.	8
Copper ion transport	The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	18
Copulation	The act of sexual union between male and female, involving the transfer of sperm.	19
Cornea development in camera-type eye	The progression of the cornea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cornea is the transparent structure that covers the anterior of the eye.	12
Cornification	A type of programmed cell death that occurs in the epidermis, morphologically and biochemically distinct from apoptosis. It leads to the formation of corneocytes, i.e. dead keratinocytes containing an amalgam of specific proteins (e.g., keratin, loricrin, SPR and involucrin) and lipids (e.g., fatty acids and ceramides), which are necessary for the function of the cornified skin layer (mechanical resistance, elasticity, water repellence and structural stability).	9
Cornified envelope assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a cornified envelope.	6
Coronary artery morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of coronary arteries are generated and organized. Coronary arteries are blood vessels that transport blood to the heart muscle.	9
Coronary vasculature development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the blood vessels of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	50
Coronary vasculature morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of blood vessels of the heart are generated and organized. The blood vessel is the vasculature carrying blood.	19
Corpus callosum development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the corpus callosum over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provide communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.	26
Corpus callosum morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the corpus callosum are generated and organized. The corpus callosum is a thick bundle of nerve fibers comprising a commissural plate connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. It consists of contralateral axon projections that provides communications between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.	6
Cortical actin cytoskeleton organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of actin-based cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.	42
Cortical cytoskeleton organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures in the cell cortex, i.e. just beneath the plasma membrane.	50
Corticospinal tract morphogenesis	Generation of a long process of a pyramidal cell, that carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body in cerebral cortex layer V towards target cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord. This axonal process is a member of those that make up the corticospinal tract.	8
Corticosteroid hormone secretion	The regulated release of any corticosteroid hormone into the circulatory system.	19
Corticosterone secretion	The regulated release of corticosterone into the circulatory system. Corticosterone is a 21-carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands.	5
Corticotropin secretion	The regulated release of corticotropin by a cell. Corticotropin hormone is a polypeptide hormone synthesized and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus.	7
Cortisol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.	10
Cortisol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cortisol, the steroid hormone 11-beta-17,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. Cortisol is synthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal gland and controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and has anti-inflammatory properties.	12
Cortisol secretion	The regulated release of cortisol, a steroid hormone that in humans is the major circulating hormone of the cortex, or outer layer, of the adrenal gland.	5
Cotranslational protein targeting to membrane	The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.	27
Cranial ganglion development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	5
Cranial nerve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cranial nerves over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.	63
Cranial nerve formation	The process that gives rise to the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.	11
Cranial nerve morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the cranial nerves are generated and organized. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.	30
Cranial nerve structural organization	The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the cranial nerves. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. The cranial nerves are composed of twelve pairs of nerves that emanate from the nervous tissue of the hindbrain. These nerves are sensory, motor, or mixed in nature, and provide the motor and general sensory innervation of the head, neck and viscera. They mediate vision, hearing, olfaction and taste and carry the parasympathetic innervation of the autonomic ganglia that control visceral functions.	10
Cranial skeletal system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a cranial skeletal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The cranial skeletal system is the skeletal subdivision of the head, and includes the skull (cranium plus mandible), pharyngeal and/or hyoid apparatus.	72
Cranial suture morphogenesis	The process in which any suture between cranial bones is generated and organized.	8
Craniofacial suture morphogenesis	The process in which any suture between cranial and/or facial bones is generated and organized.	18
Cristae formation	The assembly of cristae, the inwards folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane.	17
Cyclic nucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.	21
Cyclic nucleotide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.	14
Cyclic nucleotide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a cyclic nucleotide, a nucleotide in which the phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue.	41
Cyclic nucleotide transport	The directed movement of a cyclic nucleotide, any nucleotide in which phosphate group is in diester linkage to two positions on the sugar residue, into, out of or within a cell.	9
Cyclic-GMP-AMP transmembrane import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of cyclic-GMP-AMP from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	6
Cyclooxygenase pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways by which prostaglandins are formed from arachidonic acid, and in which prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (cyclooxygenase) catalyzes the committed step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to the prostaglandin-endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2.	9
Cysteine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cysteine, 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.	11
Cytidine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.	12
Cytidine to uridine editing	The conversion of a cytosine residue to uridine in an RNA molecule by deamination.	12
Cytochrome complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a cytochrome complex. A cytochrome complex is a protein complex in which at least one of the proteins is a cytochrome, i.e. a heme-containing protein involved in catalysis of redox reactions.	37
Cytokine production involved in immune response	The appearance of a cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus contributing to an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	122
Cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	The synthesis or release of a cytokine following a inflammatory stimulus as part of an inflammatory response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	76
Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane of a cell and its partitioning into two daughter cells.	188
Cytokinetic process	A cellular process that is involved in cytokinesis (the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells).	43
Cytolysis	The rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm.	7
Cytolysis by host of symbiont cells	The killing by an organism of a cell in its symbiont organism by means of the rupture of cell membranes and the loss of cytoplasm. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	7
Cytoplasm organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.	15
Cytoplasmic microtubule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of structures formed of microtubules and associated proteins in the cytoplasm of a cell.	59
Cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand from another organism to a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR). PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.	146
Cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB	The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.	8
Cytoplasmic sequestering of protein	The selective interaction of a protein with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its transport into other areas of the cell.	22
Cytoplasmic sequestering of transcription factor	The selective interaction of a transcription factor with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.	14
Cytoplasmic translation	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in the cytoplasm. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein.	155
Cytoplasmic translational elongation	The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in the cytoplasm.	5
Cytoplasmic translational initiation	The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein in the cytoplasm. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.	39
Cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis	A cytokinesis that involves the function of a set of proteins that are part of the microfilament or microtubule cytoskeleton.	117
Cytoskeleton-dependent intracellular transport	The directed movement of substances along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell.	212
Cytosolic ribosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the large and small ribosomal subunits into a functional cytosolic ribosome. Distinct stages of this process take place first in the nucleolus, then in the nucleus and finally in the cytosol.	5
Cytosolic transport	The directed movement of substances or organelles within the cytosol.	184
D-amino acid transport	The directed movement of the D-enantiomer of an amino acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
D-aspartate import across plasma membrane	The directed import of D-aspartate from the extracellular region across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
DAMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).	7
DCMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.	6
DGMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).	5
DNA alkylation repair	The repair of alkylation damage in DNA, e.g. the removal of a non-physiological alkyl group from a nucleobase. This is usually mediated by DNA alkyltransferases.	9
DNA biosynthetic process	The biosynthetic process resulting in the formation of DNA.	192
DNA catabolic process	The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.	31
DNA conformation change	A cellular process that results in a change in the spatial configuration of a DNA molecule. A conformation change can bend DNA, or alter the, twist, writhe, or linking number of a DNA molecule.	92
DNA cytosine deamination	The removal of an amino group from a cytosine residue in DNA, forming a uracil residue.	9
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.	73
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.	18
DNA damage response, signal transduction resulting in transcription	A cascade of processes initiated in response to the detection of DNA damage, and resulting in the induction of transcription.	19
DNA dealkylation	The removal of an alkyl group from one or more nucleotides within an DNA molecule.	38
DNA deamination	The removal of an amino group from a nucleotide base in DNA. An example is the deamination of cytosine to produce uracil.	13
DNA double-strand break processing	The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang.	21
DNA integration	The process in which a DNA segment is incorporated into another, usually larger, DNA molecule such as a chromosome.	7
DNA integrity checkpoint signaling	A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and progresses through signal transduction and ends with cell cycle effector processes.	135
DNA ligation	The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.	16
DNA ligation involved in DNA repair	The re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase, that contributes to DNA repair.	5
DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation	Repression of transcription by methylation of DNA, leading to the formation of heterochromatin.	33
DNA modification	The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.	100
DNA protection	Any process in which DNA is protected from damage by, for example, oxidative stress.	6
DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling	A chromatin remodeling process that allows DNA repair enzyme to access genomic DNA and repair DNA lesions.	20
DNA replication	The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.	279
DNA replication checkpoint signaling	A signal transduction process that contributes to a DNA replication checkpoint, that prevents the initiation of nuclear division until DNA replication is complete, thereby ensuring that progeny inherit a full complement of the genome.	18
DNA replication initiation	The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; it begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, followed by DNA unwinding.	37
DNA replication, synthesis of primer	The synthesis of a short nucleotide polymer using one strand of unwound DNA as a template. The product is usually a RNA molecule between 4-15 nucleotides long that provides a free 3'-OH that can be extended by DNA-directed DNA polymerases. In certain conditions, for example in response to DNA damage, some primases synthesize a DNA primer.	7
DNA replication-dependent chromatin assembly	The formation of nucleosomes on newly synthesized DNA, coupled to strand elongation.	6
DNA strand elongation	The DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.	37
DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication	The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication.	15
DNA strand invasion	The process in which the nucleoprotein complex (composed of the broken single-strand DNA and the recombinase) searches and identifies a region of homology in intact duplex DNA. The broken single-strand DNA displaces the like strand and forms Watson-Crick base pairs with its complement, forming a duplex in which each strand is from one of the two recombining DNA molecules.	6
DNA strand resection involved in replication fork processing	The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of DNA at the site of a stalled replication fork that contributes to replication fork processing.	8
DNA synthesis involved in DNA repair	Synthesis of DNA that proceeds from the broken 3' single-strand DNA end and uses the homologous intact duplex as the template.	40
DNA topological change	The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.	9
DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication	The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.	21
DNA-templated DNA replication	A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.	162
DNA-templated DNA replication maintenance of fidelity	A DNA metabolic process that prevents or corrects errors to ensure that DNA is replicated accurately. Errors can be corrected either by intrinsic DNA polymerase proofreading activity or via mismatch repair.	56
DNA-templated transcription elongation	The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.	133
DNA-templated transcription initiation	The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.	144
DNA-templated transcription termination	The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.	24
DTMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).	6
DTTP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.	5
DUMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate.	6
DUMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dUMP, deoxyuridine (5'-)monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).	7
De novo centriole assembly	Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo, rather than by replication from an existing centriole. This process may occur via different mechanisms. Examples include the deuterosome pathway in multicilated epithelial animal cells and formation of centrioles during parthenogenesis in some insects.	6
De novo centriole assembly involved in multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation	Centriole assembly in which a centriole arises de novo by a process involving an electron-dense structure known as a deuterosome, rather than by duplication of an existing centriole, and occurring as part of multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation.	5
Deadenylation-dependent decapping of nuclear-transcribed mRNA	Cleavage of the 5'-cap of a nuclear mRNA triggered by shortening of the poly(A) tail to below a minimum functional length.	11
Decidualization	The cellular and vascular changes occurring in the endometrium of the pregnant uterus just after the onset of blastocyst implantation. This process involves the proliferation and differentiation of the fibroblast-like endometrial stromal cells into large, polyploid decidual cells that eventually form the maternal component of the placenta.	25
Dedifferentiation	The process in which a specialized structure (cell, tissue or organ) loses structural or functional features that characterize it in the mature organism, or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history. Under certain conditions, these structures can revert back to the features of their ancestors.	11
Defense response to Gram-negative bacterium	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-negative bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.	92
Defense response to Gram-positive bacterium	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a Gram-positive bacterium that act to protect the cell or organism.	119
Defense response to fungus	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a fungus that act to protect the cell or organism.	55
Defense response to tumor cell	Reactions triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell that act to protect the cell or organism.	13
Definitive hemopoiesis	A second wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, generates long-term hemopoietic stem cells that continuously provide erythroid, myeloid and lymphoid lineages throughout adulthood.	20
Dehydroascorbic acid transport	The directed movement of dehydroascorbate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dehydroascorbate, 5-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)furan-2,3,4(5H)-trione, is an oxidized form of vitamin C.	9
Delamination	The process of negative regulation of cell adhesion that results in a cell or sheet of cells splitting off from an existing epithelial sheet.	7
Demethylation	The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule.	55
Dendrite arborization	The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic tree are generated and organized into dendritic branches.	10
Dendrite development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendrite over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	232
Dendrite extension	Long distance growth of a single dendrite involved in cellular development.	37
Dendrite morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendrite are generated and organized.	138
Dendrite self-avoidance	The process in which dendrites recognize and avoid contact with sister dendrites from the same cell.	14
Dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation	The process in which a dendritic cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.	15
Dendritic cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a dendritic cell, a cell of hematopoietic origin, typically resident in particular tissues, specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.	12
Dendritic cell chemotaxis	The movement of a dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.	26
Dendritic cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a dendritic cell.	18
Dendritic cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell. A dendritic cell is a leukocyte of dendritic lineage specialized in the uptake, processing, and transport of antigens to lymph nodes for the purpose of stimulating an immune response via T cell activation.	47
Dendritic cell migration	The movement of a dendritic cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	33
Dendritic spine development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.	94
Dendritic spine maintenance	The organization process that preserves a dendritic spine in a stable functional or structural state. A dendritic spine is a specialized protrusion from a neuronal dendrite and is involved in synaptic transmission.	22
Dendritic spine morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.	55
Dendritic transport	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in dendrites.	12
Dendritic transport of ribonucleoprotein complex	The directed movement of a ribonucleoprotein complex along microtubules in nerve cell dendrites.	5
Dense core granule exocytosis	The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a membrane-bounced dense core granule by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of a cell in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.	10
Dense core granule localization	Any process in which a dense core granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	11
Dentate gyrus development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dentate gyrus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dentate gyrus is one of two interlocking gyri of the hippocampus. It contains granule cells, which project to the pyramidal cells and interneurons of the CA3 region of the ammon gyrus.	23
Dentinogenesis	The process whose specific outcome is the formation of dentin, the mineralized tissue that constitutes the major bulk of teeth. Dentin may be one of three types: primary dentin, secondary dentin, and tertiary dentin.	6
Deoxyribonucleoside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	6
Deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	5
Deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine or pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	11
Deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	8
Deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	14
Deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	23
Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	8
Deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	14
Deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	28
Deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	42
Depyrimidination	The disruption of the bond between the sugar in the backbone and the C or T base, causing the base to be removed and leaving a depyrimidinated sugar.	8
Dermatan sulfate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate, any glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.	5
Dermatan sulfate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate, any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units. They are important components of ground substance or intercellular cement of skin and some connective tissues.	9
Dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.	8
Dermatan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, any glycoprotein whose glycosaminoglycan units are dermatan sulfate (chondroitin sulfate B). Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan with repeats consisting of beta-(1,4)-linked L-iduronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate units.	12
Desmosome organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a desmosome. A desmosome is a patch-like intercellular junction found in vertebrate tissues, consisting of parallel zones of two cell membranes, separated by an space of 25-35 nm, and having dense fibrillar plaques in the subjacent cytoplasm.	10
Detection of abiotic stimulus	The series of events in which an (non-living) abiotic stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.	140
Detection of bacterium	The series of events in which a stimulus from a bacterium is received and converted into a molecular signal.	16
Detection of biotic stimulus	The series of events in which a biotic stimulus, one caused or produced by a living organism, is received and converted into a molecular signal.	38
Detection of calcium ion	The series of events in which a calcium ion stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.	13
Detection of cell density	The series of events in which information about the density of cells in a population is received and converted into a molecular signal.	10
Detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste	The series of events involved in the perception of taste in which a gustatory chemical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.	47
Detection of external biotic stimulus	The series of events in which an external biotic stimulus is detected and converted into a molecular signal. An external biotic stimulus is defined as one caused or produced by a living organism other than the one being stimulated.	26
Detection of light stimulus	The series of events in which a light stimulus (in the form of photons) is received and converted into a molecular signal.	68
Detection of light stimulus involved in sensory perception	The series of events in which a light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal as part of the sensory perception of light.	22
Detection of lipopolysaccharide	The series of events in which a lipopolysaccharide stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. Lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.	5
Detection of mechanical stimulus	The series of events by which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.	53
Detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception	The series of events in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of sensory perception.	35
Detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain	The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a mechanical stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.	15
Detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of sound	The series of events involved in the perception of sound vibration in which the vibration is received and converted into a molecular signal.	15
Detection of molecule of bacterial origin	The series of events in which a stimulus from a molecule of bacterial origin is received and converted into a molecular signal.	13
Detection of muscle stretch	The series of events by which a muscle stretch stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal.	7
Detection of other organism	The series of events in which a stimulus from another organism is received and converted into a molecular signal.	19
Detection of stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain	The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.	26
Detection of temperature stimulus	The series of events in which a temperature stimulus (hot or cold) is received and converted into a molecular signal.	24
Detection of temperature stimulus involved in sensory perception of pain	The series of events involved in the perception of pain in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal.	17
Detection of temperature stimulus involved in thermoception	The series of events in which a temperature stimulus is received and converted into a molecular signal as part of thermoception.	5
Detection of virus	The series of events in which a stimulus from a virus is received and converted into a molecular signal.	5
Detection of visible light	The series of events in which a visible light stimulus is received by a cell and converted into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.	53
Determination of adult lifespan	The pathways that regulate the duration of the adult phase of the life-cycle of an animal.	34
Determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry	Determination of the asymmetric location of various parts of the digestive tract with respect to the left and right halves of the organism. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.	7
Determination of dorsal/ventral asymmetry	Determination of asymmetry from the dorsal to the ventral side; as, the dorsoventral axis.	11
Determination of left/right asymmetry in lateral mesoderm	The establishment of the lateral mesoderm with respect to the left and right halves.	8
Determination of liver left/right asymmetry	Determination of the asymmetric location of the liver with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.	6
Determination of pancreatic left/right asymmetry	Determination of the asymmetric location of the pancreas with respect to the left and right halves of the organism.	5
Detoxification	Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of a toxic substance. These may include transport of the toxic substance away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of the toxic substance.	155
Detoxification of copper ion	Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of copper ion. These include transport of copper away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of copper ion.	16
Detoxification of inorganic compound	Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of inorganic compounds. These include transport of such compounds away from sensitive areas and to compartments or complexes whose purpose is sequestration of inorganic compounds.	22
Detoxification of nitrogen compound	Any process that reduces or removes the toxicity of nitrogenous compounds which are dangerous or toxic. This includes the aerobic conversion of toxic compounds to harmless substances.	5
Development of primary female sexual characteristics	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structure. The primary female sexual characteristics are the ovaries, and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.	105
Development of primary sexual characteristics	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the primary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. The primary sexual characteristics are the testes in males and the ovaries in females and they develop in response to sex hormone secretion.	236
Development of secondary female sexual characteristics	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary female sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In female humans, these include growth of axillary and pubic hair, breast development and menstrual periods. Their development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.	6
Development of secondary sexual characteristics	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary sexual characteristics over time, from their formation to the mature structures. In humans, these include growth of axillary, chest, and pubic hair, voice changes, testicular/penile enlargement, breast development and menstrual periods. Development occurs in response to sex hormone secretion.	9
Developmental cell growth	The growth of a cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from one condition to another.	235
Developmental growth involved in morphogenesis	The increase in size or mass of an anatomical structure that contributes to the structure attaining its shape.	243
Developmental induction	A developmental process involving two tissues in which one tissue (the inducer) produces a signal that directs cell fate commitment of cells in the second tissue (the responder).	34
Developmental pigmentation	The developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism, tissue or cell.	50
Diacylglycerol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.	9
Diacylglycerol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.	5
Diacylglycerol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.	27
Diadenosine polyphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.	6
Diadenosine polyphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving diadenosine polyphosphate, a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine with phosphate groups attached.	8
Diapedesis	The passage of a leukocyte between the tight junctions of endothelial cells lining blood vessels, typically the fourth and final step of cellular extravasation.	7
Diaphragm development	The progression of the diaphragm over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The diaphragm is a skeletal muscle that is responsible for contraction and expansion of the lungs.	8
Dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.	13
Dicarboxylic acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (-COOH) groups.	19
Dicarboxylic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing two carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).	95
Dicarboxylic acid transport	The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	98
Dichotomous subdivision of an epithelial terminal unit	The process in which an epithelial cord, rod or tube bifurcates at its end.	8
Diencephalon development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the diencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The diencephalon is the paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus and subthalamus are derived; these regions regulate autonomic, visceral and endocrine function, and process information directed to the cerebral cortex.	79
Diet induced thermogenesis	The process that results in increased metabolic rate in tissues of an organism. It is triggered by the detection of dietary excess. This process is achieved via signaling in the sympathetic nervous system.	13
Digestion	The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	134
Digestive system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive system is the entire structure in which digestion takes place. Digestion is all of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	144
Digestive system process	A physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	103
Digestive tract morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.	48
Diol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a diol, any alcohol containing two hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.	21
Diol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diol, a compound that contains two hydroxy groups, generally assumed to be, but not necessarily, alcoholic.	30
Dipeptide transmembrane transport	The directed movement of a dipeptide across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A dipeptide is a combination of two amino acids linked together by a peptide (-CO-NH-) bond.	7
Diphosphoinositol polyphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a diphosphoinositol polyphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol with one or more diphosphate groups and multiple monophosphate groups attached.	5
Direct ossification	The formation of bone or of a bony substance, or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance, that does not require the replacement of preexisting tissues.	7
Disaccharide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.	12
Disruption of anatomical structure in another organism	The disruption of an anatomical structure of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of that structure.	99
Disruption of cellular anatomical structure in another organism	The disruption of a cellular component of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of that structure. In some cases this can cause malfunctioning of the cells and death of the target organism.	10
Disruption of plasma membrane integrity in another organism	The disruption of the cell membrane of another organism, leading to damage or temporary subversion of the membrane.	6
Distal convoluted tubule development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal convoluted tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The distal convoluted tubule is the first segment of the nephron lying just downstream from the loop of Henle, immediately after the macula densa. Among other functions, in humans it is responsible for the reabsorption of about 5% of filtered sodium via the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl symporter.	5
Distal tubule development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the distal tubule is a nephron tubule that begins at the macula densa and extends to the connecting tubule.	12
Diterpenoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with four isoprene units.	10
Dolichyl diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative. In eukaryotes, these function as carriers of mono- and oligosaccharide residues in the glycosylation of lipids and proteins within intracellular membranes.	5
Dopamine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.	12
Dopamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.	41
Dopamine receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	37
Dopamine secretion	The regulated release of dopamine by a cell. Dopamine is a catecholamine and a precursor of adrenaline and noradrenaline. It acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system but it is also produced peripherally and acts as a hormone.	41
Dopamine transport	The directed movement of dopamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline.	55
Dopaminergic neuron differentiation	The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a dopaminergic neuron, a neuron that secretes dopamine.	42
Dorsal aorta development	The progression of the dorsal aorta over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.	10
Dorsal aorta morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the dorsal aorta are generated and organized. The dorsal aorta is a blood vessel in a single-pass circulatory system that carries oxygenated blood from the gills to the rest of the body. In a single-pass circulatory system blood passes once through the heart to supply the body once.	8
Dorsal root ganglion development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dorsal root ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	7
Dorsal spinal cord development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The dorsal region of the mature spinal cord contains neurons that process and relay sensory input.	20
Dorsal/ventral axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.	12
Dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning	The process in which the neural tube is regionalized in the dorsoventral axis.	24
Dorsal/ventral pattern formation	The regionalization process in which the areas along the dorsal/ventral axis are established that will lead to differences in cell differentiation. The dorsal/ventral axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and left/right axes. The dorsal end is defined by the upper or back side of an organism. The ventral end is defined by the lower or front side of an organism.	97
Double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination	The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix that contributes to reciprocal meiotic recombination.	10
Double-strand break repair via break-induced replication	The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the centromere-proximal end of a broken chromosome searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template, and progresses to the end of the chromosome.	12
Double-strand break repair via classical nonhomologous end joining	An instance of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining that requires a number of factors important for V(D)J recombination, including the KU70/80 heterodimer (KU), XRCC4, ligase IV, and DNA-PKcs in mammals. It does not produce translocations (as opposed to the alternative nonhomologous end joining).	6
Double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.	69
Double-strand break repair via single-strand annealing	Repair of a DSB made between two repeated sequences oriented in the same direction occurs primarily by the single strand annealing pathway. The ends of the break are processed by a 5' to 3' exonuclease, exposing complementary single-strand regions of the direct repeats that can anneal, resulting in a deletion of the unique DNA between the direct repeats.	8
Double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing	SDSA is a major mechanism of double-strand break repair in mitosis which allows for the error-free repair of a double-strand break without the exchange of adjacent sequences. The broken DNA searches for and base pairs with a homologous region in an intact chromosome. DNA synthesis initiates from the 3' end of the invading DNA strand, using the intact chromosome as the template. Newly synthesized DNA is then displaced from the template and anneal with its complement on the other side of the double-strand break.	8
Drinking behavior	The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of liquids, especially water.	10
Ductus arteriosus closure	The morphogenesis process in which the ductus arteriosus changes to no longer permit blood flow after birth. The ductus arteriosus is the shunt between the aorta and the pulmonary artery which allows blood to bypass the fetus' lungs.	5
ER overload response	The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.	11
ER to Golgi ceramide transport	The directed movement of a ceramide from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. Ceramides are a class of lipid composed of sphingosine linked to a fatty acid.	5
ER-nucleus signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.	46
ERAD pathway	The protein catabolic pathway which targets endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. It begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein modifications necessary for correct substrate transfer (e.g. ubiquitination), transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.	110
ERBB signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a member of the ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	123
ERBB2 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB2 on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB2 receptors are themselves unable to bind to ligands, but act as a signal-amplifying tyrosine kinase within a heterodimeric pair.	18
ERBB2-EGFR signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ERBB1) on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and EGFR. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as EGFR.	8
ERBB2-ERBB4 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to a ERBB4 receptor on the surface of a cell, followed by transmission of the signal by a heterodimeric complex of ERBB2 and ERBB4. ERBB2, which does not bind any known ligand, is activated through formation of a heterodimer with another ligand-activated ERBB family member such as ERBB4.	5
ERBB3 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB3 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. ERBB3 receptors have impaired kinase activity and rely on the kinase activity of the heterodimer partner for activation and signal transmission.	5
ERBB4 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4 on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	10
ERBB4-ERBB4 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor ERBB4, followed by ligand-induced homodimerization of ERBB4 and transmission of the signal into the cell by the homodimeric ERBB4 complex. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
ERK5 cascade	A MAPK cascade containing at least the ERK5 MAP kinase (MAPK7; also called BMK1). It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and of ERK5. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier. The ERK5 cascade is activated by stress, mitogens, and by G protein-coupled receptors, and results in cellular responses such as cell growth, cell differentiation and development.	5
ESCRT complex disassembly	The disaggregation of an ESCRT complex into its constituent components.	10
Ear development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ear over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.	220
Ear morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the ear are generated and organized. The ear is the sense organ in vertebrates that is specialized for the detection of sound, and the maintenance of balance. Includes the outer ear and middle ear, which collect and transmit sound waves; and the inner ear, which contains the organs of balance and (except in fish) hearing. Also includes the pinna, the visible part of the outer ear, present in some mammals.	125
Early endosome to Golgi transport	The directed movement of substances from early endosomes to the Golgi.	12
Early endosome to recycling endosome transport	The directed movement of substances, in membrane-bounded vesicles, from the early sorting endosomes to the recycling endosomes.	6
Eating behavior	The specific behavior of an organism relating to the intake of food, any substance (usually solid) that can be metabolized by an organism to give energy and build tissue.	37
Ectoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.	22
Ectodermal cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an ectodermal cell. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	7
Ectodermal placode development	The progression of an ectodermal placode over time from its initial formation until its mature state. An ectodermal placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that is the primordium of many structures derived from the ectoderm.	14
Ectopic germ cell programmed cell death	Programmed cell death of an errant germ line cell that is outside the normal migratory path or ectopic to the gonad. This is an important mechanism of regulating germ cell survival within the embryo.	18
Egg activation	The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.	11
Elastic fiber assembly	Assembly of the extracellular matrix fibers that enables the matrix to recoil after transient stretching.	10
Elastin catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of elastin. Elastin is a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.	5
Elastin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving elastin, a glycoprotein which is randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibers that are found in connective tissue.	9
Electron transport chain	A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors to any of several different terminal electron acceptors.	174
Embryo implantation	Attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine lining.	60
Embryonic appendage morphogenesis	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the appendage are generated and organized. An appendage is an organ or part that is attached to the trunk of an organism, such as a limb or a branch.	120
Embryonic axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of a pattern along a line or a point in an embryo.	42
Embryonic body morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic soma are generated and organized.	11
Embryonic brain development	The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	18
Embryonic camera-type eye development	The process occurring during the embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	37
Embryonic camera-type eye formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a camera-type eye from unspecified neurectoderm. This process begins with the differentiation of cells that form the optic field and ends when the optic cup has attained its shape.	11
Embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized during embryonic development.	26
Embryonic cleavage	The first few specialized divisions of an activated animal egg.	8
Embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the cranial skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.	45
Embryonic digestive tract development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gut over time, from its formation to the mature structure during embryonic development. The gut is the region of the digestive tract extending from the beginning of the intestines to the anus.	33
Embryonic digestive tract morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the digestive tract are generated and organized during embryonic development. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed.	17
Embryonic digit morphogenesis	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the digit are generated and organized. A digit is one of the terminal divisions of an appendage, such as a finger or toe.	57
Embryonic eye morphogenesis	The process occurring in the embryo by which the anatomical structures of the post-embryonic eye are generated and organized.	35
Embryonic forelimb morphogenesis	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.	33
Embryonic heart tube development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the embryonic heart tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart tube forms as the heart rudiment from the heart field.	85
Embryonic heart tube left/right pattern formation	The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of the left/right axis of the embryonic heart tube in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place.	6
Embryonic heart tube morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the embryonic heart tube are generated and organized. The embryonic heart tube is an epithelial tube that will give rise to the mature heart.	71
Embryonic hemopoiesis	The stages of blood cell formation that take place within the embryo.	24
Embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis	The process, occurring in the embryo, by which the anatomical structures of the hindlimbs are generated and organized. The hindlimbs are the posterior limbs of an animal.	28
Embryonic neurocranium morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the neurocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The neurocranium is the portion of the vertebrate skull surrounding the brain.	9
Embryonic organ morphogenesis	Morphogenesis, during the embryonic phase, of a tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.	294
Embryonic pattern specification	The process that results in the patterns of cell differentiation that will arise in an embryo.	74
Embryonic placenta development	The embryonically driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.	89
Embryonic placenta morphogenesis	The process in which the embryonic placenta is generated and organized.	27
Embryonic process involved in female pregnancy	A reproductive process occurring in the embryo or fetus that allows the embryo or fetus to develop within the mother.	7
Embryonic retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye	The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized in a camera-type eye during the embryonic life stage.	6
Embryonic skeletal joint development	The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal joints over time, from formation to mature structure.	15
Embryonic skeletal joint morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of skeletal joints are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. A skeletal joint is the connecting structure between the bones of the skeleton.	11
Embryonic skeletal system development	The process, occurring during the embryonic phase, whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeleton over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	128
Embryonic skeletal system morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized during the embryonic phase.	94
Embryonic viscerocranium morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the viscerocranium are generated and organized during the embryonic phase. The viscerocranium is the part of the skull comprising the facial bones.	10
Enamel mineralization	The process in which calcium salts, mainly carbonated hydroxyapatite, are deposited in tooth enamel.	21
Endocannabinoid signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an endocannabinoid binding to a cell surface receptor. The pathway proceeds with the receptor transmitting the signal to a heterotrimeric G-protein complex and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Endocannabinoids are small molecules derived from arachidonic acid, anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol.	5
Endocardial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of an endocardial cell. An endocardial cell is a specialized endothelial cell that makes up the endocardium portion of the heart. The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.	6
Endocardial cushion development	The progression of a cardiac cushion over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.	54
Endocardial cushion formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an endocardial cushion. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.	31
Endocardial cushion fusion	The cell-cell adhesion process of mesenchymal cardiac cushion cells that contributes to the process of cushion shaping.	5
Endocardial cushion morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardial cushion is generated and organized. The endocardial cushion is a specialized region of mesenchymal cells that will give rise to the heart septa and valves.	44
Endocardial cushion to mesenchymal transition	A transition where an endocardial cushion cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	6
Endocardium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.	12
Endocardium morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the endocardium is generated and organized. The endocardium is an anatomical structure comprised of an endothelium and an extracellular matrix that forms the innermost layer of tissue of the heart, and lines the heart chambers.	6
Endochondral bone morphogenesis	The process in which bones are generated and organized as a result of the conversion of initial cartilaginous anlage into bone.	60
Endocrine hormone secretion	The regulated release of a hormone into the circulatory system.	56
Endocrine pancreas development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endocrine pancreas is made up of islet cells that produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin.	45
Endocrine process	The process that involves the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.	92
Endocrine system development	Progression of the endocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The endocrine system is a system of hormones and ductless glands, where the glands release hormones directly into the blood, lymph or other intercellular fluid, and the hormones circulate within the body to affect distant organs. The major glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathryoids, adrenals, pineal body, and the reproductive glands which include the ovaries and testes.	138
Endocytic recycling	The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the plasma membrane, a trafficking pathway that promotes the recycling of internalized transmembrane proteins.	88
Endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell	Any endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.	13
Endoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.	83
Endoderm formation	The formation of the endoderm during gastrulation.	58
Endodermal cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an endoderm cell, a cell of the inner of the three germ layers of the embryo.	49
Endodermal cell fate commitment	The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the endoderm.	15
Endodermal cell fate specification	The cell fate determination process that results in a cell becoming capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.	8
Endolysosomal toll-like receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an endolysosomal pattern recognition receptor (PRR) of the toll-like family. PRRs bind pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs), structures conserved among microbial species.	46
Endonucleolytic cleavage in 5'-ETS of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)	Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-External Transcribed Spacer (ETS) of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) rRNA in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Endonucleolytic cleavage within the 5'-ETS of the pre-RNA is conserved as one of the early steps of rRNA processing in all eukaryotes, but the specific position of cleavage is variable.	8
Endonucleolytic cleavage in ITS1 to separate SSU-rRNA from 5.8S rRNA and LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)	Endonucleolytic cleavage between the SSU-rRNA and the 5.8S rRNA of an rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.	10
Endonucleolytic cleavage of tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)	Endonucleolytic cleavage of a pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript. Primary ribosomal RNA transcripts with three genes, in this order, are produced in the nuclei of many eukaryotic species, including S. cerevisiae.	17
Endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the endoplasmic reticulum of a cell or between the endoplasmic reticulum and its surroundings.	26
Endoplasmic reticulum localization	Any process in which endoplasmic reticulum is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	10
Endoplasmic reticulum membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane.	12
Endoplasmic reticulum organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.	100
Endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.	137
Endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol transport	The directed movement of substances from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.	28
Endoplasmic reticulum tubular network formation	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that comprises the membranes with high curvature in cross-section.	5
Endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubular network. The ER tubular network is the ER part that that has membranes with high curvature in cross-section.	20
Endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the presence of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or other ER-related stress; results in changes in the regulation of transcription and translation.	75
Endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethering	The attachment of an endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the plasma membrane via molecular tethers.	6
Endosomal lumen acidification	Any process that reduces the pH of the endosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	14
Endosomal transport	The directed movement of substances mediated by an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials enclosed in the lumen or located in the endosomal membrane.	254
Endosomal vesicle fusion	The homotypic fusion of endocytic vesicles to form or add to an early endosome.	12
Endosome organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.	95
Endosome to lysosome transport	The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes.	73
Endosome to lysosome transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway	The directed movement of substances from endosomes to lysosomes by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the lysosome.	17
Endosome to plasma membrane protein transport	The directed movement of proteins from the endosome to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.	17
Endothelial cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of an endothelial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	10
Endothelial cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in an endothelial cell. An endothelial cell comprises the outermost layer or lining of anatomical structures and can be squamous or cuboidal.	67
Endothelial cell chemotaxis	The directed movement of an endothelial cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).	30
Endothelial cell development	The progression of an endothelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	69
Endothelial cell fate commitment	The commitment of a cell to an endothelial cell fate and its capacity to differentiate into an endothelial cell.	8
Endothelial cell migration	The orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.	267
Endothelial cell morphogenesis	The change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs during the differentiation of an endothelial cell.	10
Endothelial cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Endothelial cells are thin flattened cells which line the inside surfaces of body cavities, blood vessels, and lymph vessels, making up the endothelium.	195
Endothelial cell-matrix adhesion	The binding of an endothelial cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.	7
Endothelin receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by endothelin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	11
Endothelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an endothelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.	146
Energy homeostasis	Any process involved in the balance between food intake (energy input) and energy expenditure.	78
Energy reserve metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.	87
Engulfment of apoptotic cell	The removal of the apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, by a neighboring cell or by a phagocyte.	15
Ensheathment of neurons	The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.	145
Enteric nervous system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the enteric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The enteric nervous system is composed of two ganglionated neural plexuses in the gut wall which form one of the three major divisions of the autonomic nervous system. The enteric nervous system innervates the gastrointestinal tract, the pancreas, and the gallbladder. It contains sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. Thus the circuitry can autonomously sense the tension and the chemical environment in the gut and regulate blood vessel tone, motility, secretions, and fluid transport. The system is itself governed by the central nervous system and receives both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation.	12
Enteroendocrine cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of an enteroendocrine cell. Enteroendocrine cells are hormonally active epithelial cells in the gut that constitute the diffuse neuroendocrine system.	35
Entrainment of circadian clock	The synchronization of a circadian rhythm to environmental time cues such as light.	29
Entry of bacterium into host cell	The process in which a bacterium enters a host cell. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	9
Enucleate erythrocyte differentiation	The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specialized features of an erythrocyte without a nucleus. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.	10
Eosinophil activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a eosinophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	9
Eosinophil differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specializes features of an eosinophil.	7
Eosinophil mediated immunity	Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by an eosinophil.	9
Eosinophil migration	The movement of an eosinophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	30
Ephrin receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by ephrin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	51
Epiboly	The expansion of one cell sheet over other cells or yolk.	39
Epidermal cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epidermal cell, any of the cells making up the epidermis.	243
Epidermal cell fate specification	The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epidermal cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.	5
Epidermis morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the epidermis are generated and organized. The epidermis is the outer epithelial layer of an animal, it may be a single layer that produces an extracellular material (e.g. the cuticle of arthropods) or a complex stratified squamous epithelium, as in the case of many vertebrate species.	37
Epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei	The global programming of epigenetic modifications in the zygote following fertilization. The paternal genome undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first cell division, while the adjacent maternal genome is protected from this process.	9
Epigenetic programming of gene expression	A epigenetic process that happens during embryonic development that modulates gene expression potential at later stages of development of the organism, including the adult. Epigenetic regulation takes place via chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine DNA methylation.	14
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression	A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or cytosine methylation of DNA. Once established, this regulation may be maintained over many cell divisions. It can also be heritable in the absence of the instigating signal.	228
Epinephrine transport	The directed movement of epinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	11
Epithelial cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in an epithelial cell.	144
Epithelial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.	217
Epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of an epithelial cell that characterize the cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	47
Epithelial cell differentiation involved in prostate gland development	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an epithelial cell of the prostate gland.	11
Epithelial cell fate commitment	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into an epithelial cell.	15
Epithelial cell maturation	The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. An epithelial cell is a cell usually found in a two-dimensional sheet with a free surface.	24
Epithelial cell morphogenesis	The change in form that occurs when an epithelial cell progresses from its initial formation to its mature state.	33
Epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis	The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the shaping of the lung.	10
Epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.	11
Epithelial cell proliferation involved in salivary gland morphogenesis	The multiplication or reproduction of epithelial cells of the submandibular salivary gland, resulting in the expansion of a cell population and the shaping of the gland.	5
Epithelial cell-cell adhesion	The attachment of an epithelial cell to another epithelial cell via adhesion molecules.	16
Epithelial cilium movement involved in determination of left/right asymmetry	The movement of cilia of epithelial cells of the Left Right Organizer (LRO), also referred to as the node in mouse or the Kupffer's vesicle in zebrafish, resulting in the leftward fluid flow across the LRO and generation or transport of a signal which determines asymmetry in an organism's body plan with respect to the left and right halves.	10
Epithelial fluid transport	The directed movement of fluid across epithelia.	11
Epithelial structure maintenance	A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of epithelial structure.	34
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition	A transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	178
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation	A transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell that will contribute to the formation of the endocardial cushion.	18
Epithelial tube branching involved in lung morphogenesis	The process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched epithelial tubes of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.	30
Epithelial tube formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of an epithelial tube.	137
Epithelial-mesenchymal cell signaling	Any process that results in the transfer of information from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal cell where it is interpreted.	6
Epoxide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving epoxides, compounds in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system; thus cyclic ethers.	5
Epoxygenase P450 pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids.	18
Equilibrioception	The series of events required for an organism to receive an orientational stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Equilibrioception refers to a combination of processes by which an organism can perceive its orientation with respect to gravity. In animals, stimuli come from labyrinth system of the inner ears, monitoring the direction of motion; visual stimuli, with information on orientation and motion; pressure receptors, which tell the organism which body surfaces are in contact with the ground; and proprioceptive cues, which report which parts of the body are in motion.	7
Error-free translesion synthesis	The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions but does not causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For S. cerevisiae, RAD30 encodes DNA polymerase eta, which incorporates two adenines. When incorporated across a thymine-thymine dimer, it does not increase the endogenous mutation level.	5
Error-prone translesion synthesis	The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication by using a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex to insert a defined nucleotide across the lesion. This process does not remove the replication-blocking lesions and causes an increase in the endogenous mutation level. For example, in E. coli, a low fidelity DNA polymerase, pol V, copies lesions that block replication fork progress. This produces mutations specifically targeted to DNA template damage sites, but it can also produce mutations at undamaged sites.	11
Erythrocyte development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an erythrocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	40
Erythrocyte homeostasis	Any process of regulating the production and elimination of erythrocytes within an organism.	141
Erythrocyte maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an erythrocyte to attain its fully functional state.	18
Establishment of Golgi localization	The directed movement of the Golgi to a specific location.	7
Establishment of RNA localization	The directed movement of RNA to a specific location.	160
Establishment of Sertoli cell barrier	Establishment of a structure near the basement membrane in adjacent Sertoli cells of the seminiferous epithelium for maintaining spermatogenesis. The structure consists of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, and desmosome-like junctions.	5
Establishment of blood-brain barrier	Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the brain. The cells in the brain are packed tightly together preventing the passage of most molecules from the blood into the brain. Only lipid soluble molecules or those that are actively transported can pass through the blood-brain barrier.	16
Establishment of blood-retinal barrier	Establishment of the barrier between the blood and the retina. The blood-retinal barrier is located at two levels, forming an outer barrier in the retinal pigment epithelium and an inner barrier in the endothelial membrane of the retinal vessels. Both these membranes have tight junctions of the 'nonleaky' type.	5
Establishment of cell polarity	The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.	157
Establishment of centrosome localization	The directed movement of the centrosome to a specific location.	10
Establishment of endothelial barrier	The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers, such as those in the brain, lung or intestine, to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.	54
Establishment of endothelial intestinal barrier	The establishment of a barrier between endothelial cell layers of the intestine to exert specific and selective control over the passage of water and solutes, thus allowing formation and maintenance of compartments that differ in fluid and solute composition.	15
Establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity	The specification and formation of the apicobasal polarity of an epithelial cell.	18
Establishment of epithelial cell polarity	The specification and formation of anisotropic intracellular organization of an epithelial cell.	35
Establishment of left/right asymmetry	The initial formation of the type asymmetry in an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves.	5
Establishment of lymphocyte polarity	The directed orientation of lymphocyte signaling molecules and associated membrane rafts towards a chemokine gradient or a contact point with an appropriate activating cell.	16
Establishment of meiotic spindle localization	The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the meiotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.	6
Establishment of mitochondrion localization	The directed movement of the mitochondrion to a specific location.	30
Establishment of mitotic sister chromatid cohesion	The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become joined along the entire length of the chromosome during S phase during a mitotic cell cycle.	7
Establishment of mitotic spindle localization	The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of the mitotic spindle to a specific location in the cell occurs.	40
Establishment of pigment granule localization	The directed movement of a pigment granule to a specific location.	23
Establishment of planar polarity involved in neural tube closure	Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an epithelium that contributes to the closure of the neural tube.	13
Establishment of planar polarity of embryonic epithelium	Coordinated organization of groups of cells in the plane of an embryonic epithelium, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.	16
Establishment of protein localization to chromatin	The directed movement of a protein to a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.	9
Establishment of protein localization to chromosome	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.	28
Establishment of protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the endoplasmic reticulum.	46
Establishment of protein localization to membrane	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a membrane.	275
Establishment of protein localization to mitochondrial membrane	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the mitochondrial membrane.	38
Establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a plasma membrane.	62
Establishment of protein localization to telomere	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in the telomeric region of a chromosome.	18
Establishment of protein localization to vacuole	The directed movement of a protein to a specific location in a vacuole.	65
Establishment of sister chromatid cohesion	The process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become associated with each other during S phase.	12
Establishment of skin barrier	Establishment of the epithelial barrier, the functional barrier in the skin that limits its permeability.	32
Establishment of spindle orientation	Any process that set the alignment of spindle relative to other cellular structures.	42
Establishment of tissue polarity	Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.	70
Establishment or maintenance of bipolar cell polarity	Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of a bipolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.	57
Establishment or maintenance of cell polarity	Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.	228
Establishment or maintenance of cytoskeleton polarity	Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of polarized cytoskeletal structures.	7
Establishment or maintenance of monopolar cell polarity	Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of monopolar intracellular organization or cell growth patterns. Monopolar cell organization is directional organization along an axis.	26
Establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient	The directed movement of ions to establish or maintain an electrochemical gradient across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	11
Estrogen biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.	11
Estrogen metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.	40
Estrous cycle	A type of ovulation cycle, which occurs in most mammalian therian females, where the endometrium is resorbed if pregnancy does not occur.	16
Ethanol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.	12
Ethanol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.	21
Ethanolamine-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol) and compounds derived from it.	8
Ether biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ether.	12
Ether metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic ethers, any anhydride of the general formula R1-O-R2, formed between two identical or nonidentical organic hydroxy compounds.	26
Excitatory chemical synaptic transmission	Synaptic transmission that results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential.	12
Excitatory synapse assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an excitatory synapse.	32
Excretion	The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.	28
Execution phase of apoptosis	A stage of the apoptotic process that starts with the controlled breakdown of the cell through the action of effector caspases or other effector molecules (e.g. cathepsins, calpains etc.). Key steps of the execution phase are rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.	75
Exit from mitosis	The cell cycle transition where a cell leaves M phase and enters a new G1 phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.	32
Exocrine pancreas development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the exocrine pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The exocrine pancreas produces and store zymogens of digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen in the acinar cells.	7
Exocrine system development	Progression of the exocrine system over time, from its formation to a mature structure. The exocrine system is a system of hormones and glands, where the glands secrete straight to a target site via ducts or tubes. The human exocrine system includes the salivary glands, sweat glands and many glands of the digestive system.	46
Exocyst localization	Any process in which an exocyst is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. An exocyst is a protein complex peripherally associated with the plasma membrane that determines where vesicles dock and fuse.	5
Exocytic process	The cellular processes that contribute to exocytosis.	84
Exploration behavior	The specific behavior of an organism in response to a novel environment or stimulus.	30
Export across plasma membrane	The directed movement of some substance from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.	80
Extracellular exosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an extracellular vesicular exosome, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region by fusion of the limiting endosomal membrane of a multivesicular body with the plasma membrane. Exosomes are defined by their size, which generally ranges from 30 nm to 100 nm.	7
Extracellular matrix assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the extracellular matrix.	45
Extracellular matrix constituent secretion	The controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell.	13
Extracellular matrix disassembly	A process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.	64
Extracellular matrix-cell signaling	Any process that mediates the transfer of information between the extracellular matrix and a cell.	5
Extracellular regulation of signal transduction	Any regulation of signal transduction that takes place in the extracellular region.	13
Extracellular transport	The transport of substances that occurs outside cells.	42
Extracellular vesicle biogenesis	The assembly and secretion a set of components to form an extracellular vesicule, a membrane-bounded vesicle that is released into the extracellular region. Extracellular vesicles include exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, based on the mechanism by which they are released from cells and differentiated based on their size and content.	25
Extraembryonic membrane development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an extraembryonic membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	13
Extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with either a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor, or a ligand being withdrawn from a cell surface receptor (e.g. in the case of signaling by dependence receptors), and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	228
Extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors	The series of molecular signals in which a signal is conveyed from the cell surface to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with a ligand binding to a death domain receptor on the cell surface, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	86
Eye morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized.	162
Eye photoreceptor cell development	Development of a photoreceptor, a sensory cell in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. They usually contain a pigment that undergoes a chemical change when light is absorbed, thus stimulating a nerve.	34
Eye photoreceptor cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, as found in the eye, the primary visual organ of most organisms.	48
Eye pigmentation	Establishment of a pattern of pigment in the eye of an organism.	7
Eyelid development in camera-type eye	The progression of the eyelid in a camera-type eye from its formation to the mature state. The eyelid is a membranous cover that helps protect and lubricate the eye.	13
Face development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a face from an initial condition to its mature state. The face is the ventral division of the head.	52
Face morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the face are generated and organized. The face is the ventral division of the head.	31
Facial nerve morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the facial nerve is generated and organized. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.	10
Facial nerve structural organization	The process that contributes to the act of creating the structural organization of the facial nerve. This process pertains to the physical shaping of a rudimentary structure. This sensory and motor nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and the expression and taste at the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The principal branches are the superficial ophthalmic, buccal, palatine and hyomandibular. The main trunk synapses within pterygopalatine ganglion in the parotid gland and this ganglion then gives of nerve branches which supply the lacrimal gland and the mucous secreting glands of the nasal and oral cavities.	8
Facultative heterochromatin formation	The compaction of chromatin into a conformation that is refactory to transcription but that be converted to euchromatin and allow transcription in specific contexts. These can be temporal (e.g., developmental states or specific cell-cycle stages), spatial (e.g., nuclear localization changes from the center to the periphery or vice versa due to exogenous factors/signals), or parental/heritable (e.g., monoallelic gene expression).	47
Farnesyl diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving farnesyl diphosphate, an intermediate in carotenoid, sesquiterpene, squalene and sterol biosynthesis, as well as a substrate in protein farnesylation.	6
Fas signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a Fas receptor on the surface of the cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Fas is a death domain-containing member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily.	8
Fat cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.	243
Fat cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of fat cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A fat cell is an animal connective tissue cell specialized for the synthesis and storage of fat.	14
Fat pad development	The progression of a fat pad from its initial formation to its mature structure. A fat pad is an accumulation of adipose tissue.	8
Fat-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.	13
Fat-soluble vitamin catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.	11
Fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.	45
Fatty acid alpha-oxidation	A metabolic pathway by which 3-methyl branched fatty acids are degraded. These compounds are not degraded by the normal peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway, because the 3-methyl blocks the dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl group by hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase. The 3-methyl branched fatty acid is converted in several steps to pristenic acid, which can then feed into the beta-oxidative pathway.	8
Fatty acid beta-oxidation	A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).	76
Fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA dehydrogenase	A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step of each oxidation cycle, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass through the respiratory chain to oxygen and leave H2O as the product. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).	12
Fatty acid beta-oxidation using acyl-CoA oxidase	A fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway in which the initial step, which converts an acyl-CoA to a trans-2-enoyl-CoA, is catalyzed by acyl-CoA oxidase; the electrons removed by oxidation pass directly to oxygen and produce hydrogen peroxide, which is cleaved by peroxisomal catalases. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and ends when only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).	12
Fatty acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.	167
Fatty acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.	106
Fatty acid derivative biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acid derivative.	51
Fatty acid derivative catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fatty acid derivative.	18
Fatty acid derivative metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acid derivative.	77
Fatty acid elongation	The elongation of a fatty acid chain by the sequential addition of two-carbon units.	13
Fatty acid elongation, saturated fatty acid	Elongation of a saturated fatty acid chain.	7
Fatty acid homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of fatty acid within an organism or cell.	17
Fatty acid omega-oxidation	A fatty acid oxidation process in which the methyl group at the end of the fatty acid molecule (the omega carbon) is first oxidized to a hydroxyl group, then to an oxo group, and finally to a carboxyl group. The long chain dicarboxylates derived from omega-oxidation then enter the beta-oxidation pathway for further degradation.	5
Fatty acid transmembrane transport	The process in which a fatty acid is transported across a membrane.	20
Fatty acid transport	The directed movement of fatty acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fatty acids are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.	116
Fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.	27
Fatty-acyl-CoA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.	6
Fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a fatty-acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with a fatty-acyl group.	40
Fc receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of inhibiting an immune effector process contributing to an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.	5
Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin by an Fc receptor capable of activating or perpetuating an immune response. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.	32
Fc receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of an immunoglobulin to an Fc receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.	55
Fc-epsilon receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin E (IgE) to an Fc-epsilon receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.	25
Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to an Fc-gamma receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The Fc portion of an immunoglobulin is its C-terminal constant region.	33
Fear response	The response of an organism to a perceived external threat.	46
Feeding behavior	Behavior associated with the intake of food.	107
Female gamete generation	Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.	161
Female genitalia development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation to the mature structure.	19
Female meiosis I	The cell cycle process in which the first meiotic division occurs in the female germline.	11
Female meiosis chromosome segregation	The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a female.	6
Female meiotic nuclear division	A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.	36
Female sex differentiation	The establishment of the sex of a female organism by physical differentiation.	120
Fermentation	The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).	5
Ferroptosis	A programmed cell death characterized morphologically by the presence of smaller than normal mitochondria with condensed mitochondrial membrane densities, reduction or vanishing of mitochondria crista, and outer mitochondrial membrane rupture. Activation of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channels and mitogen-activated protein kinases, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter are involved in the induction of ferroptosis. This process is characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and lethal reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from iron metabolism. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), heat shock protein beta-1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 function as negative regulators of ferroptosis by limiting ROS production and reducing cellular iron uptake, respectively. In contrast, NADPH oxidase and p53 act as positive regulators of ferroptosis by promotion of ROS production and inhibition of expression of SLC7A11 (a specific light-chain subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter), respectively. Misregulated ferroptosis has been implicated in multiple physiological and pathological processes.	5
Fertilization	The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).	206
Fever generation	The heat generation process that results in a rise in body temperature above the normal, often as a response to infection.	11
Fibrinolysis	A process that solubilizes fibrin in the bloodstream of a multicellular organism, chiefly by the proteolytic action of plasmin.	27
Fibroblast activation	A change in the morphology or behavior of a fibroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.	15
Fibroblast apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a fibroblast, a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.	25
Fibroblast growth factor production	The appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	8
Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a fibroblast growth factor receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	84
Fibroblast migration	Cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a fibroblast pseudopodium. A fibroblast is a connective tissue cell which secretes an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.	53
Fibroblast proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells, resulting in the expansion of the fibroblast population.	106
Filopodium assembly	The assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.	70
Flavin-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a flavin, any derivative of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzopteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton, with a substituent on the 10 position.	6
Flavone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavones, a class of pigmented plant compounds based on 2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (2-phenylchromone).	6
Flavonoid glucuronidation	The modification of a flavonoid by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant flavonoid glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the precursor.	5
Flavonoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins.	13
Floor plate development	The progression of the floor plate over time from its initial formation until its mature state.	11
Fluid transport	The directed movement of substances that are in liquid form in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	37
Foam cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.	40
Focal adhesion assembly	The aggregation and bonding together of a set of components to form a focal adhesion, a complex of intracellular signaling and structural proteins that provides a structural link between the internal actin cytoskeleton and the ECM, and also function as a locus of signal transduction activity.	85
Folate transmembrane transport	The process in which a folic acid, or one of its derivatives (dihydrofolate, tetrahydrofolate, methylene-tetrahydrofolate or methyl-tetrahydrofolate) is transported across a membrane.	5
Folic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving folic acid, pteroylglutamic acid. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.	16
Folic acid transport	The directed movement of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Folic acid is widely distributed as a member of the vitamin B complex and is essential for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidines.	10
Folic acid-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of folic acid and its derivatives.	8
Folic acid-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.	27
Follicle-stimulating hormone secretion	The regulated release of follicle-stimulating hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.	8
Forebrain cell migration	The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another at least one of which is located in the forebrain.	66
Forebrain dorsal/ventral pattern formation	The formation of specific regional progenitor domains along the dorsal-ventral axis in the developing forebrain.	7
Forebrain generation of neurons	The process in which nerve cells are generated in the forebrain. This includes the production of neuroblasts from and their differentiation into neurons.	53
Forebrain morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the forebrain are generated and organized. The forebrain is the anterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes especially the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus and especially in higher vertebrates is the main control center for sensory and associative information processing, visceral functions, and voluntary motor functions).	13
Forebrain neuroblast division	The division of a neuroblast located in the forebrain. Neuroblast division gives rise to at least another neuroblast.	5
Forebrain neuron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron that resides in the forebrain, from its initial commitment to its fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	25
Forebrain neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron that will reside in the forebrain.	44
Forebrain neuron fate commitment	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron that resides in the forebrain.	7
Forebrain radial glial cell differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the forebrain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	7
Forebrain regionalization	The regionalization process resulting in the creation of areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the forebrain develops.	24
Forebrain ventricular zone progenitor cell division	The mitotic division of a basal progenitor giving rise to two neurons.	5
Foregut morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the foregut are generated and organized.	10
Forelimb morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the forelimb are generated and organized. The forelimbs are the front limbs of an animal, e.g. the arms of a human.	41
Formate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving formate, also known as methanoate, the anion HCOO- derived from methanoic (formic) acid.	6
Formation of anatomical boundary	The process in which the limits of an anatomical structure are generated. An anatomical structure is any biological entity that occupies space and is distinguished from its surroundings. Anatomical structures can be macroscopic such as a carpel, or microscopic such as an acrosome.	7
Formation of cytoplasmic translation initiation complex	Joining of the large ribosomal subunit with the translation preinitiation complex, with release of IF2/eIF2 and IF3/eIF3 or IF5B/eIF5B. This leaves the functional ribosome at the AUG, with the methionyl/formyl-methionyl-tRNA positioned at the P site.	16
Formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA	Excision from the chromosome and circularization of a region of chromosomal DNA, generally, but not always, via homologous recombination between direct tandem repeats.	15
Formation of primary germ layer	The formation of the ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation.	128
Formation of quadruple SL/U4/U5/U6 snRNP	Formation of a quadruple snRNP complex composed of the spliced leader (SL) RNA along with the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex. Interactions that may facilitate this include a duplex between the SL and U6 RNAs and interactions between the U5 RNA and the exon sequence at the 5' splice site within the SL RNA.	10
Formation of translation preinitiation complex	The joining of the small ribosomal subunit, ternary complex, and mRNA.	9
Free ubiquitin chain polymerization	The process of creating free ubiquitin chains, compounds composed of a large number of ubiquitin monomers. These chains are not conjugated to a protein.	9
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, also known as FBP. The D enantiomer is a metabolic intermediate in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.	9
Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.	5
Fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.	11
Fructose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.	14
Fructose transmembrane transport	The directed movement of fructose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.	10
Fucose catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fucose (6-deoxygalactose).	9
Fucose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.	16
Fucosylation	The covalent attachment of a fucosyl group to an acceptor molecule.	17
Fungiform papilla development	The progression of the fungiform papilla over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.	6
Fungiform papilla morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the fungiform papilla are generated and organized. The fungiform papilla is a mushroom-shaped papilla of the tongue.	5
Fused antrum stage	The stage in oogenesis when the antral spaces fuse to form a single antral space. The oocyte is suspended in the cumulus oophorous and the first polar body in the perivitelline space.	6
G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	21
G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	14
G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an opioid binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	11
G protein-coupled purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	13
G protein-coupled purinergic receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by an extracellular purine or purine derivative binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	12
G protein-coupled receptor internalization	The process that results in the uptake of a G protein-coupled receptor into an endocytic vesicle.	14
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway involved in heart process	An G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway which contributes to a circulatory system process carried out by the heart.	17
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.	56
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	23
G-quadruplex DNA unwinding	The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'.	7
G0 to G1 transition	The mitotic cell cycle phase transition whose occurrence commits the cell from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase. Under certain conditions, cells exit the cell cycle during G1 and remain in the G0 state as nongrowing, non-dividing (quiescent) cells. Appropriate stimulation of such cells induces them to return to G1 and resume growth and division. The G0 to G1 transition is accompanied by many changes in the program of gene expression.	39
G1 to G0 transition	A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters a specialized resting state known as G0 or quiescence.	19
G1 to G0 transition involved in cell differentiation	A cell cycle arrest process that results in arrest during G1 phase, whereupon the cell enters G0 phase, in the context of cell differentiation.	6
G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle	The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from meiotic G2 phase to M phase of meiosis I.	7
GABAergic neuron differentiation	The process in which a neuroblast acquires the specialized structural and functional features of a GABAergic neuron.	20
GDP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP, guanosine 5'-diphosphate.	11
GDP-mannose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving GDP-mannose, a substance composed of mannose in glycosidic linkage with guanosine diphosphate.	7
GMP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GMP, guanosine monophosphate.	14
GMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving GMP, guanosine monophosphate.	28
GMP salvage	Any process which produces guanosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.	5
GPI anchor metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.	32
GTP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of GTP, guanosine triphosphate.	11
GTP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving GTP, guanosine triphosphate.	24
Galactolipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.	6
Galactolipid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactolipids, any glycolipid containing one of more residues of galactose and/or N-acetylgalactosamine.	9
Galactose catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose.	5
Galactose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.	9
Galactose transmembrane transport	The process in which galactose is transported across a lipid bilayer, from one side of a membrane to the other. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.	6
Gamma-aminobutyric acid import	The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate) into a cell or organelle.	5
Gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms.	8
Gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion	The regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid by a cell or a tissue. The gamma-aminobutyric acid is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain but is also found in several extraneural tissues.	12
Gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.	29
Gamma-aminobutyric acid transport	The directed movement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	19
Gamma-delta T cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a gamma-delta T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	25
Gamma-delta T cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized hemopoietic cell acquires specialized features of a gamma-delta T cell. A gamma-delta T cell is a T cell that expresses a gamma-delta T cell receptor complex.	13
Ganglion development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	17
Ganglioside biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.	17
Ganglioside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of gangliosides that begins with the formation of lactosylceramides, Gal-beta-(1->4)-Glc-beta-(1->1') ceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic C1 hydroxyl group of lactose by a ceramide group.	6
Ganglioside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.	7
Ganglioside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ceramide oligosaccharides carrying in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic acid residues.	28
Gap junction assembly	Assembly of gap junctions, which are found in most animal tissues, and serve as direct connections between the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. They provide open channels through the plasma membrane, allowing ions and small molecules (less than approximately a thousand daltons) to diffuse freely between neighboring cells, but preventing the passage of proteins and nucleic acids.	18
Gap junction-mediated intercellular transport	The movement of substances between cells via gap junctions. A gap junction is a fine cytoplasmic channel, found in animal cells, that connects the cytoplasm of one cell to that of an adjacent cell, allowing ions and other molecules to pass freely between the two cells.	6
Gas transport	The directed movement of substances that are gaseous in normal living conditions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	22
Gastric acid secretion	The regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.	13
Gastric motility	The spontaneous peristaltic movements of the stomach that aid in digestion, moving food through the stomach and out through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum.	5
Gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the gastro-intestinal system. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The gastro-intestinal system generally refers to the digestive structures stretching from the mouth to anus, but does not include the accessory glandular organs (liver, pancreas and biliary tract).	12
Gastrulation	A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.	197
Gastrulation with mouth forming second	A gastrulation process in which the initial invagination becomes the anus and the mouth forms second.	28
General adaptation syndrome	General adaptation syndrome is the set of changes in various organ systems of the body, especially the pituitary-endocrine system, in response to a wide range of strong external stimuli, both physiological and psychological. It is described as having three stages: alarm reaction, where the body detects the external stimulus; adaptation, where the body engages defensive countermeasures against the stressor; and exhaustion, where the body begins to run out of defenses.	6
General adaptation syndrome, behavioral process	The set of behavioral processes that occur as part of the general adaptation syndrome, the response of the body to a strong, stressful stimulus.	5
Genitalia development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	47
Genitalia morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of genitalia are generated and organized. The genitalia are the organs of reproduction or generation, external and internal.	12
Genomic imprinting	The establishment of epigenetic modifications (imprints) during gametogenesis, and propagation of these imprints during the organism's life. Genomic imprinting leads to an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles and differential expression of the corresponding alleles. This can happen through heterochromatin formation or differential chromatin loop formation.	18
Gephyrin clustering involved in postsynaptic density assembly	The clustering process in which gephyrin molecules are localized to distinct domains in the postsynaptic density as part of postsynaptic density assembly. Gephyrin is a component of the postsynaptic protein network of inhibitory synapses.	5
Germ cell migration	The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.	8
Germ cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of germ cells, reproductive cells in multicellular organisms, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	11
Germ-line stem cell population maintenance	Any process by which an organism or tissue maintains a population of germ-line stem cells.	5
Germinal center B cell differentiation	The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a germinal center B cell. Germinal center B cells are rapidly cycling B cells which have downregulated IgD expression and exhibit high levels of binding by peanut agglutinin (PNA).	9
Germinal center formation	The process in which germinal centers form. A germinal center is a specialized microenvironment formed when activated B cells enter lymphoid follicles. Germinal centers are the foci for B cell proliferation and somatic hypermutation.	14
Gland morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a gland are generated and organized.	122
Glandular epithelial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glandular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.	35
Glandular epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glandular epithelial cell. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.	71
Glandular epithelial cell maturation	The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a glandular epithelial cell to attain its fully functional state. A glandular epithelial cell is a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell is a cell found in a two dimensional sheet with a free surface exposed to the lumen of a gland.	9
Glial cell activation	A change in morphology and behavior of a glial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	56
Glial cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a glial cell, a non-neuronal cell of the nervous system.	16
Glial cell development	The process aimed at the progression of a glial cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	120
Glial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glial cell.	249
Glial cell fate commitment	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a glial cell.	13
Glial cell fate specification	The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.	7
Glial cell migration	The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.	60
Glial cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of glial cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Glial cells exist throughout the nervous system, and include Schwann cells, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes among others.	57
Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor.	9
Glomerular basement membrane development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular basement membrane over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular basement membrane is the basal laminal portion of the glomerulus which performs the actual filtration.	11
Glomerular epithelial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular epithelial cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.	12
Glomerular epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a glomerular epithelial cell. Glomerular epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form part of the glomerulus; there are two types, glomerular parietal epithelial cells and glomerular visceral epithelial cells.	22
Glomerular epithelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular epithelium is an epithelial tissue that covers the outer surfaces of the glomerulus. The glomerular epithelium consists of both parietal and visceral epithelium. Metanephric glomerular parietal epithelial cells are specialized epithelial cells that form tight junctions as a barrier to protein transport. A metanephric glomerular visceral epithelial cell is a specialized epithelial cell that contains 'feet' that interdigitate with the 'feet' of other glomerular epithelial cells in the metanephros.	25
Glomerular mesangial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a glomerular mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	5
Glomerular mesangial cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of glomerular mesangial cells, resulting in the expansion of the population.	13
Glomerular mesangium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.	18
Glomerulus development	The progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. The glomerulus is part of the nephron and is restricted to one body segment.	70
Glomerulus morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus are generated and organized. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.	9
Glomerulus vasculature morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the glomerulus vasculature are generated and organized. The glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the glomerulus.	6
Glossopharyngeal nerve development	Various sensory and motor branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply nerve connections to the pharynx and back of the tongue. The branchial motor component contains motor fibers that innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx, and the tympanic branch supplies parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion.	5
Glucan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.	45
Glucan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues.	76
Glucocorticoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.	16
Glucocorticoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.	25
Glucocorticoid secretion	The regulated release of any glucocorticoid hormone into the circulatory system. Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate a variety of physiological processes, in particular control of the concentration of glucose in blood.	12
Glucosamine-containing compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).	9
Glucosamine-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine-containing compounds (glucosamines).	25
Glucose 6-phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose 6-phosphate, a monophosphorylated derivative of glucose with the phosphate group attached to C-6.	28
Glucose catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.	27
Glucose import	The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.	75
Glucose import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of glucose from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
Glucose import in response to insulin stimulus	The directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell as a result of an insulin stimulus.	6
Glucose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.	192
Glucosylceramide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.	6
Glucuronate catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphate	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate into other compounds, including xylulose 5-phosphate.	5
Glutamate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.	8
Glutamate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.	33
Glutamate receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	50
Glutamate reuptake	The uptake of L-glutamate by neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.	6
Glutamate secretion	The controlled release of glutamate by a cell. The glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system.	28
Glutamate secretion, neurotransmission	The controlled release of glutamate by a cell, in which the glutamate acts as a neurotransmitter.	8
Glutamatergic neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a glutamatergic neuron.	17
Glutamine family amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.	17
Glutamine family amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.	27
Glutamine family amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.	80
Glutamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.	28
Glutamine transport	The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
Glutathione catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.	10
Glutathione metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.	57
Glutathione transmembrane transport	A process in which glutathione is transported across a membrane.	7
Glutathione transport	The directed movement of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an important intermediate in glycolysis.	6
Glycerol ether metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.	21
Glycerol transmembrane transport	The directed movement of glycerol across a membrane. Glycerol is 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.	8
Glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.	9
Glycerolipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.	246
Glycerolipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerolipids, any lipid with a glycerol backbone.	65
Glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.	207
Glycerophospholipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.	34
Glycerophospholipid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.	295
Glycine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycine, aminoethanoic acid.	8
Glycine import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of glycine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
Glycine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycine, aminoethanoic acid.	17
Glycine transport	The directed movement of glycine, aminoethanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	15
Glycolipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).	73
Glycolipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycolipid, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide).	16
Glycolipid transport	The directed movement of glycolipids, compounds containing (usually) 1-4 linked monosaccharide residues joined by a glycosyl linkage to a lipid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Glycolytic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.	89
Glycolytic process through fructose-6-phosphate	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a monosaccharide into pyruvate, occurring through a fructose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of ATP and NADH.	24
Glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, occurring through a glucose-6-phosphate intermediate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP.	20
Glycoprotein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.	35
Glycosaminoglycan catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.	28
Glycoside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.	8
Glycoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosides, compounds in which a glycosyl group is substituted into a hydroxyl, thiol or selenol group in another compound.	20
Glycoside transport	The directed movement of a glycoside into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.	34
Glycosphingolipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.	13
Glycosphingolipid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.	62
Glycosyl compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosyl compound.	23
Glycosyl compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosyl compound.	34
Glycosyl compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosyl compound.	81
Glycosylation	The covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule.	218
Glycosylceramide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.	8
Glycosylceramide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.	6
Glycosylceramide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.	16
Glyoxylate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving glyoxylate, the anion of glyoxylic acid, HOC-COOH.	8
Golgi disassembly	A cellular process that results in the breakdown of a Golgi apparatus that contributes to Golgi inheritance.	6
Golgi localization	Any process in which the Golgi is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	13
Golgi lumen acidification	Any process that reduces the pH of the Golgi lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	13
Golgi organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.	157
Golgi ribbon formation	The formation of a continuous ribbon of interconnected Golgi stacks of flat cisternae.	10
Golgi to endosome transport	The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.	17
Golgi to lysosome transport	The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to lysosomes.	12
Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport	The directed movement of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane.	38
Golgi to plasma membrane transport	The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.	57
Golgi to vacuole transport	The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the vacuole.	20
Golgi vesicle budding	The evagination of the Golgi membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.	10
Golgi vesicle fusion to target membrane	The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a Golgi transport vesicle to the target lipid bilayer membrane.	5
Golgi vesicle transport	The directed movement of substances into, out of or within the Golgi apparatus, mediated by vesicles.	297
Gonadal mesoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.	8
Gonadotropin secretion	The regulated release of a gonadotropin, any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.	17
Granulocyte activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a granulocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	50
Granulocyte chemotaxis	The movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.	127
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor production	The appearance of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	5
Granulocyte differentiation	The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a granulocyte. Granulocytes are a class of leukocytes characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are active in allergic immune reactions such as arthritic inflammation and rashes. This class includes basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils.	42
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production	The appearance of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	17
Granulocyte migration	The movement of a granulocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	153
Granzyme-mediated programmed cell death signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals induced by granzymes which triggers the cell death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a granzyme signal, and ends when the execution phase of cell death is triggered. Granzymes are serine proteases that are secreted by cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to induce cell death in target cells.	8
Grooming behavior	The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.	18
Growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	The process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) are activated by members of the JAK (janus activated kinase) family of tyrosine kinases, following the binding of physiological ligands to the growth hormone receptor. Once activated, STATs dimerize and translocate to the nucleus and modulate the expression of target genes.	10
Growth hormone secretion	The regulated release of growth hormone from secretory granules into the blood.	14
Growth involved in heart morphogenesis	Developmental growth that contributes to the shaping of the heart.	4
Growth plate cartilage chondrocyte development	The progression of a growth plate cartilage chondrocyte over time from after its fate commitment to the mature cell.	5
Growth plate cartilage chondrocyte differentiation	The process in which a chondroblast acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a chondrocyte that will contribute to the growth of a bone. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.	10
Growth plate cartilage development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage that will provide a scaffold for mineralization of endochondral bones as they elongate or grow.	20
Guanine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.	5
Guanine nucleotide transport	The directed movement of guanine nucleotides, GTP, GDP, and/or GMP, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	9
Hair cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hair cell.	52
Hair cycle phase	The cyclical periods of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair; one of the collection or mass of filaments growing from the skin of an animal, and forming a covering for a part of the head or for any part or the whole of the body.	9
Hair follicle maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a hair follicle to attain its fully functional state.	15
Hair follicle placode formation	The developmental process in which a hair placode forms. An hair follicle placode is a thickening of the ectoderm that will give rise to the hair follicle bud.	5
Hard palate development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hard palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The hard palate is the anterior portion of the palate consisting of bone and mucous membranes.	8
Head morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the head are generated and organized. The head is the anterior-most division of the body.	37
Heart field specification	The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area in which the heart will develop.	17
Heart formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the heart from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the heart field and the arrival of cardiac neural crest to the heart region. The process ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.	32
Heart growth	The increase in size or mass of the heart.	93
Heart morphogenesis	The developmental process in which the heart is generated and organized. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.	261
Heart process	A circulatory system process carried out by the heart. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.	252
Heart trabecula formation	The process of creating a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod.	15
Heart trabecula morphogenesis	The process of shaping a trabecula in the heart. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.	32
Heart valve development	The progression of a heart valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A heart valve is a structure that restricts the flow of blood to different regions of the heart and forms from an endocardial cushion.	73
Heart valve formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a heart valve from unspecified parts. This process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the structural rudiment is recognizable.	16
Heart valve morphogenesis	The process in which the structure of a heart valve is generated and organized.	61
Heat acclimation	Any process that increases heat tolerance of an organism in response to high temperatures.	6
Heat generation	Any homeostatic process in which an organism produces heat, thereby raising its internal temperature.	17
Hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of any organ involved in hematopoiesis (also known as hemopoiesis) or lymphoid cell activation over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Such development includes differentiation of resident cell types (stromal cells) and of migratory cell types dependent on the unique microenvironment afforded by the organ for their proper differentiation.	98
Hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	The process in which precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a hematopoietic progenitor cell, a class of cell types including myeloid progenitor cells and lymphoid progenitor cells.	133
Hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a hematopoietic stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.	36
Hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis	Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of hematopoietic stem cells within a population of cells.	24
Hematopoietic stem cell migration	The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell from one site to another. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.	9
Hematopoietic stem cell migration to bone marrow	The orderly movement of a hematopoietic stem cell into the bone marrow, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments in that microenvironment. A hematopoietic stem cell is a cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop, including blood cells and cells of the immune system.	5
Hematopoietic stem cell proliferation	The expansion of a hematopoietic stem cell population by cell division. A hematopoietic stem cell is a stem cell from which all cells of the lymphoid and myeloid lineages develop.	35
Heme transport	The directed movement of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
Hemidesmosome assembly	Assembly of hemidesmosomes, integrin-containing protein complexes that bind to laminin in the basal lamina. Hemidesmosomes form the contact between the basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying basal lamina.	6
Hemoglobin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.	14
Hemoglobin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving hemoglobin, including its uptake and utilization.	18
Hemostasis	The stopping of bleeding (loss of body fluid) or the arrest of the circulation to an organ or part.	232
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat unit consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues; the former are a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic acid and L-iduronic acid; the L-iduronic acid is either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as being sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups; heparan sulfate chains are covalently linked to peptidyl-serine by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylosyl to serine residues.	33
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, enzymatic modification	The modification, often by sulfation, of sugars incorporated into heparan sulfate after polymerization.	12
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharide chain component of heparan sulfate proteoglycan.	8
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4) linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.	9
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans that have repeat units consisting of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked hexuronic acid and glucosamine residues, the former being a mixture of sulfated and nonsulfated D-glucuronic and L-iduronic acids, and the latter being either sulfated or acetylated on its amino group as well as sulfated on one of its hydroxyl groups.	16
Heparin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans of average Mr (6000-20000), consisting predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.	11
Heparin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving heparin, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells. They are similar to heparan sulfates but are of somewhat higher average Mr (6000-20000) and contain fewer N-acetyl groups and more N-sulfate and O-sulfate groups; they may be attached in the same manner to protein, forming proteoglycans. They consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.	17
Hepatic stellate cell activation	A change in the morphology or behavior of a hepatic stellate cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, hormone, cellular ligand or soluble factor.	9
Hepaticobiliary system development	The progression of the hepaticobiliary system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hepaticobiliary system is responsible for metabolic and catabolic processing of small molecules absorbed from the blood or gut, hormones and serum proteins, detoxification, storage of glycogen, triglycerides, metals and lipid soluble vitamins and excretion of bile. Included are the synthesis of albumin, blood coagulation factors, complement, and specific binding proteins.	145
Hepatocyte apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a hepatocyte, the main structural component of the liver.	20
Hepatocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver.	15
Hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a hepatocyte growth factor receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	12
Hepoxilin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving hepoxilins, a class of bioactive icosanoids with roles in the regulation of cell physiology.	9
Heterochromatin organization	Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of eukaryotic heterochromatin, a compact and highly condensed form of chromatin.	101
Heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules	The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.	53
Heterotypic cell-cell adhesion	The attachment of a cell to a cell of a different type via adhesion molecules.	62
Hexose catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hexose, any monosaccharide with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.	44
Hexose phosphate transport	The directed movement of hexose phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
High-density lipoprotein particle assembly	The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids to form a high-density lipoprotein particle.	12
High-density lipoprotein particle clearance	The process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	16
High-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a high-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.	16
Hindbrain development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindbrain is the posterior of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain, or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata and controls the autonomic functions and equilibrium).	155
Hindbrain maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for the hindbrain to attain its fully functional state. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.	5
Hindbrain morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the hindbrain is generated and organized. The hindbrain is the region consisting of the medulla, pons and cerebellum. Areas of the hindbrain control motor and autonomic functions.	45
Hindbrain radial glia guided cell migration	The radially directed movement of a cell along radial glial cells in the hindbrain. Radial migration refers to a directed movement from the internal ventricular area to the outer surface of the hindbrain.	9
Hindbrain tangential cell migration	The migration of a cell in the hindbrain in which cells move orthogonal to the direction of radial migration.	5
Hindgut development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hindgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The hindgut is part of the alimentary canal that lies posterior to the midgut.	8
Hindlimb morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the hindlimb are generated and organized.	36
Hippo signaling	An intracellular signaling cascade that starts with the activation of hippo (STK4/MST1 and STK3/MST2 in mammals and hpo kinase in Drosophila). Hippo then phosphorylates LATS1/2, which in turn phosphoylates the transcriptional co-activator YAP1 (yki in Drosophila), leading to its cytosolic retention and/or degradation.	43
Hippocampal neuron apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process that occurs in a hippocampal neuron.	7
Hippocampus development	The progression of the hippocampus over time from its initial formation until its mature state.	94
His-Purkinje system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the His-Purkinje system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The His-Purkinje system receives signals from the AV node and is composed of the fibers that regulate cardiac muscle contraction in the ventricles.	7
Histamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving histamine, a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.	6
Histamine secretion	The regulated release of histamine by a cell or tissue. It is formed by decarboxylation of histidine and it acts through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.	14
Histamine transport	The directed movement of histamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Histamine is a physiologically active amine, found in plant and animal tissue and released from mast cells as part of an allergic reaction in humans.	17
Histidine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.	8
Histidine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.	10
Histone mRNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histone messenger RNA (mRNA).	15
Histone mRNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving an mRNA encoding a histone.	24
Homeostasis of number of cells within a tissue	Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in a tissue.	35
Homocysteine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving homocysteine, the amino acid alpha-amino-gamma-mercaptobutanoic acid. Homocysteine is an important intermediate in the metabolic reactions of its S-methyl derivative, methionine.	13
Homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis	The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.	53
Homologous chromosome segregation	The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the first division of the meiotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner; this pairing off, referred to as synapsis, permits genetic recombination. One homolog (both sister chromatids) of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.	65
Homologous recombination	A DNA recombination process that results in the exchange of an equal amount of genetic material between highly homologous DNA molecules.	67
Homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules	The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.	170
Homoserine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving homoserine, alpha-amino-gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cystathionine, threonine and methionine.	4
Homotypic cell-cell adhesion	The attachment of a cell to a second cell of the identical type via adhesion molecules.	97
Hormone biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.	66
Hormone catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.	11
Hormone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.	241
Hormone-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of a hormone.	191
Host-mediated regulation of intestinal microbiota composition	The biological process involved in maintaining the steady-state number of cells within a population of free-living cells such as the bacteria in the gut.	9
Humoral immune response	An immune response mediated through a body fluid.	258
Humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin	An immune response dependent upon secreted immunoglobulin. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.	55
Hyaloid vascular plexus regression	The developmental process in which the hyaloid vascular plexus is destroyed as a part of its normal progression.	7
Hyaluronan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.	14
Hyaluronan catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.	16
Hyaluronan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving hyaluronan, the naturally occurring anionic form of hyaluronic acid, any member of a group of glycosaminoglycans, the repeat units of which consist of beta-1,4 linked D-glucuronyl-beta-(1,3)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.	34
Hydrocarbon metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a hydrocarbon, a compound consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.	7
Hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.	16
Hydrogen peroxide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).	31
Hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.	54
Hydrogen sulfide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen sulfide, H2S.	6
Hyperosmotic response	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.	27
Hyperosmotic salinity response	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, an increase in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.	10
Hypersensitivity	An inflammatory response to an exogenous environmental antigen or an endogenous antigen initiated by the adaptive immune system.	14
Hypothalamus cell differentiation	The differentiation of cells that will contribute to the structure and function of the hypothalamus.	13
Hypothalamus cell migration	The directed movement of a cell into the hypothalamus region of the forebrain.	7
Hypothalamus development	The progression of the hypothalamus region of the forebrain, from its initial formation to its mature state.	27
Hypothalamus gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron located in the hypothalamus. These neurons release gonadotrophin-releasing hormone as a neural transmitter.	8
Hypotonic response	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.	13
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1) in response to lowered oxygen levels (hypoxia). Under hypoxic conditions, the oxygen-sensitive alpha-subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 dimerizes with a HIF1-beta subunit (also called ARNT or aryl-hydrocarbon-receptor nuclear translocator), translocates to the nucleus and activates transcription of genes whose products participate in responding to hypoxia.	7
I-kappaB phosphorylation	The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.	17
IMP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate.	11
IMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of IMP, inosine monophosphate.	5
IMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving IMP, inosine monophosphate.	18
IMP salvage	Any process which produces inosine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.	5
IP-10 production	The appearance of IP-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	4
IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 (Inositol-requiring transmembrane kinase/endonuclease). Begins with activation of IRE1 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. One target of activated IRE1 is the transcription factor HAC1 in yeast, or XBP1 in mammals; IRE1 cleaves an intron of a mRNA coding for HAC1/XBP1 to generate an activated HAC1/XBP1 transcription factor, which controls the up regulation of UPR-related genes. At least in mammals, IRE1 can also signal through additional intracellular pathways including JNK and NF-kappaB.	20
IRES-dependent viral translational initiation	Process by which viral mRNA translation is initiated, where a domain in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the viral mRNA called an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) binds the host 43S preinitiation complex, circumventing regular cap-dependent translation initiation.	11
ISG15-protein conjugation	The covalent addition to a protein of ISG15, a ubiquitin-like protein.	6
Icosanoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.	60
Icosanoid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of icosanoid.	9
Icosanoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.	123
Icosanoid secretion	The controlled release of icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids from a cell or a tissue.	46
Icosanoid transport	The directed movement of icosanoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Icosanoids are unsaturated C20 fatty acids and skeletally related compounds.	63
Immature B cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of an immature B cell.	12
Immature T cell proliferation	The expansion of an immature T cell population by cell division.	13
Immune complex clearance	A process directed at removing immune complexes from the body. Immune complexes are clusters of antibodies bound to antigen, to which complement may also be fixed, and which may precipitate or remain in solution.	5
Immune response to tumor cell	An immune system process that functions in the response of an organism to a tumor cell.	27
Immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell capable of inhibiting an immune response.	9
Immune response-inhibiting signal transduction	The cascade of processes by which a signal interacts with a receptor, causing a change in the level or activity of a second messenger or other downstream target, and ultimately leading to inhibition of an immune response.	11
Immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis	An immune response-regulating cell surface receptor signaling pathway that contributes to the endocytic engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes.	26
Immune system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system whose objective is to provide calibrated responses by an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat, over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process.	200
Immunoglobulin V(D)J recombination	The process in which immunoglobulin gene segments are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS). For immunoglobulin heavy chains V, D, and J gene segments are joined, and for immunoglobulin light chains V and J gene segments are joined.	8
Immunoglobulin production	The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	194
Immunoglobulin production involved in immunoglobulin-mediated immune response	The appearance of immunoglobulin due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus during an immune response, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	59
Immunological memory formation process	Any immunological memory process that can contribute to the formation of immunological memory.	14
Immunological memory process	Any process of the immune system that can contribute to the formation of immunological memory or an immune response based upon activation of immunological memory.	18
Immunological synapse formation	The formation of an area of close contact between a lymphocyte (T-, B-, or natural killer cell) and a target cell through the clustering of particular signaling and adhesion molecules and their associated membrane rafts on both the lymphocyte and target cell, which facilitates activation of the lymphocyte, transfer of membrane from the target cell to the lymphocyte, and in some situations killing of the target cell through release of secretory granules and/or death-pathway ligand-receptor interaction.	16
Import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of some substance from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	209
Import into nucleus	The directed movement of substances into the nucleus.	166
Inclusion body assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.	24
Indolalkylamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.	13
Indole-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.	6
Indole-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that contain an indole (2,3-benzopyrrole) skeleton.	24
Induction of bacterial agglutination	Any process in which infecting bacteria are clumped together by a host organism.	6
Induction of positive chemotaxis	Any process that initiates the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.	14
Inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway	An intracellular signal transduction pathway that starts with a ligand binding to a pattern recognition receptor (PRR), assembly of the inflammasome complex, leading to the activation of CASP1 and inducing an inflammatory response. In some cases, inflammasome-mediated signal transduction can lead to programmed cell death, such as pyroptosis.	43
Inflammatory cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.	23
Inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	An inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus, which can be include any number of T cell or B cell epitopes.	77
Inflammatory response to wounding	The immediate defensive reaction by vertebrate tissue to injury caused by chemical or physical agents.	27
Inhibition of neuroepithelial cell differentiation	Any process that prevents the activation of neuroepithelial cell differentiation. Neuroepithelial cell differentiation is the process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.	5
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential	A process that causes a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.	17
Inhibitory synapse assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inhibitory synapse.	20
Innate immune response activating cell surface receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a cell surface receptor that leads to the activation of an innate immune response.	90
Innate immune response in mucosa	Any process of the innate immune response that takes place in the mucosal tissues.	27
Inner cell mass cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an inner cell mass cell.	8
Inner cell mass cell proliferation	The proliferation of cells in the inner cell mass.	14
Inner dynein arm assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein inner arm, an inner arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.	16
Inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized inner cell acquires specialized features of an auditory hair cell.	44
Inner ear morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the inner ear are generated and organized. The inner ear is the structure in vertebrates that contains the organs of balance and hearing. It consists of soft hollow sensory structures (the membranous labyrinth) containing fluid (endolymph) surrounded by fluid (perilymph) and encased in a bony cavity (the bony labyrinth). It consists of two chambers, the sacculus and utriculus, from which arise the cochlea and semicircular canals respectively.	104
Inner ear receptor cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an inner ear receptor cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.	45
Inner ear receptor cell fate commitment	The process in which a cell becomes committed to become an inner ear receptor cell.	5
Inner ear receptor cell stereocilium organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a stereocilium. A stereocilium is an actin-based protrusion from the apical surface of inner ear receptor cells.	34
Inner mitochondrial membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.	39
Innervation	The process in which a nerve invades a tissue and makes functional synaptic connection within the tissue.	27
Inorganic anion transmembrane transport	The process in which an inorganic anion is transported across a membrane.	132
Inorganic anion transport	The directed movement of inorganic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Inorganic anions are atoms or small molecules with a negative charge which do not contain carbon in covalent linkage.	171
Inorganic ion import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of inorganic ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	134
Inosine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.	5
Inositol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.	9
Inositol phosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.	29
Inositol phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.	45
Inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.	8
Inositol trisphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving myo-inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with three phosphate groups attached.	12
Insemination	The introduction of semen or sperm into the genital tract of a female.	12
Insulin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving insulin.	16
Insulin processing	The formation of mature insulin by proteolysis of the precursor preproinsulin. The signal sequence is first cleaved from preproinsulin to form proinsulin; proinsulin is then cleaved to release the C peptide, leaving the A and B chains of mature insulin linked by disulfide bridges.	8
Insulin receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.	126
Insulin secretion	The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin. In vertebrates, insulin is secreted from B granules in the B cells of the vertebrate pancreas and from insulin-producing cells in insects.	198
Insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	The regulated release of proinsulin from secretory granules (B granules) in the B cells of the pancreas; accompanied by cleavage of proinsulin to form mature insulin, in response to a glucose stimulus.	64
Insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to an insulin-like growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	51
Integrated stress response signaling	The series of molecular signals generated in response to diverse stress stimuli required to restore cellular homeostasis. The core event in this pathway is the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha by one of four members of the eIF2a kinase family (EIF2AK1/HRI, EIF2AK2/PKR, EIF2AK3/PERK and EIF2AK4/GCN2), which leads to a decrease in global protein synthesis and the induction of selected genes, including the transcription factor ATF4, that together promote cellular recovery.	42
Integrin activation	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of an integrin, a heterodimeric adhesion receptor formed by the non-covalent association of particular alpha and beta subunits, that lead to the increased affinity of the integrin for its extracellular ligands.	26
Integrin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins, a large family of transmembrane proteins that act as receptors for cell-adhesion molecules.	6
Integrin-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	112
Intercellular transport	The movement of substances between cells.	10
Interferon-alpha production	The appearance of interferon-alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	29
Interferon-beta production	The appearance of interferon-beta due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	58
Interferon-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by type II interferon binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Type II interferon is also known as interferon-gamma.	107
Interkinetic nuclear migration	The movement of the nucleus of the ventricular zone cell between the apical and the basal zone surfaces. Mitosis occurs when the nucleus is near the apical surface, that is, the lumen of the ventricle.	5
Interleukin-1 alpha production	The appearance of interleukin-1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	10
Interleukin-1 production	The appearance of interleukin-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	127
Interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	31
Interleukin-10 production	The appearance of interleukin-10 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	64
Interleukin-11-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of interleukin-11 to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Interleukin-12 production	The appearance of interleukin-12 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	64
Interleukin-12-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-12 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	9
Interleukin-13 production	The appearance of interleukin-13 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	21
Interleukin-17 production	The appearance of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	46
Interleukin-17-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	11
Interleukin-17A-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-17A binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Interleukin-18 production	The appearance of interleukin-18 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	13
Interleukin-18-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-18 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	9
Interleukin-2 production	The appearance of interleukin-2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	63
Interleukin-2-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-2 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	9
Interleukin-21 production	The appearance of interleukin-21 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	6
Interleukin-23 production	The appearance of interleukin-23 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	9
Interleukin-27-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-27 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	7
Interleukin-3-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-3 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	7
Interleukin-33-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-33 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	8
Interleukin-4 production	The appearance of interleukin-4 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	34
Interleukin-4-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-4 binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	10
Interleukin-5 production	The appearance of interleukin-5 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	21
Interleukin-5-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-5 binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Interleukin-6 production	The appearance of interleukin-6 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	167
Interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interleukin-6 binding to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	26
Interleukin-8 production	The appearance of interleukin-8 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	101
Intermediate filament bundle assembly	The formation of the bundles of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filament-associated proteins (IFAPs) cross-link intermediate filaments with one another, forming a bundle or a network, and with other cell structures, including the plasma membrane. The organization of intermediate filaments and their supportive function in various cells types depends in large part on their linkage to other cell structures via IFAPs.	7
Intermediate filament organization	Control of the spatial distribution of intermediate filaments; includes organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.	72
Intermediate filament-based process	Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the intermediate filament cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising intermediate filaments and their associated proteins.	94
Intermembrane lipid transfer	The transport of lipids between membranes in which a lipid molecule is transported through an aqueous phase from the outer leaflet of a donor membrane to the outer leaflet of an acceptor membrane. This process does not require metabolic energy and can be either spontaneous or mediated by lipid transfer proteins (LTPs).	52
Internal protein amino acid acetylation	The addition of an acetyl group to a non-terminal amino acid in a protein.	58
Interneuron migration	The orderly movement of an interneuron from one site to another.	15
Interneuron migration from the subpallium to the cortex	The directed movement of interneurons from the subpallium to the cortex during forebrain development.	8
Interstrand cross-link repair	Removal of a DNA interstrand crosslink (a covalent attachment of DNA bases on opposite strands of the DNA) and restoration of the DNA. DNA interstrand crosslinks occur when both strands of duplex DNA are covalently tethered together (e.g. by an exogenous or endogenous agent), thus preventing the strand unwinding necessary for essential DNA functions such as transcription and replication.	40
Intestinal absorption	A process in which nutrients are taken up from the contents of the intestine.	41
Intestinal cholesterol absorption	Uptake of cholesterol into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.	18
Intestinal epithelial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	17
Intestinal epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine.	27
Intestinal epithelial cell maturation	The developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a columna/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine to attain its fully functional state. A columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell of the intestine mature as they migrate from the intestinal crypt to the villus.	6
Intestinal epithelial structure maintenance	A tissue homeostatic process required for the maintenance of the structure of the intestinal epithelium.	8
Intestinal hexose absorption	Uptake of hexoses, notably D-glucose, fructose, and galactose, into the blood by absorption from the small intestine.	5
Intestinal lipid absorption	A process in which lipids are taken up from the contents of the intestine.	22
Intestinal stem cell homeostasis	Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of intestinal stem cells within a population of cells.	6
Intestine smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the intestine. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The intestine is the section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anal canal. It includes the large intestine and small intestine.	8
Intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).	34
Intracellular amino acid homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of amino acids within a cell.	8
Intracellular corticosteroid receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a corticosteroid binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	12
Intracellular distribution of mitochondria	Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria within the cell.	7
Intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by an estrogen binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	54
Intracellular glucose homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glucose within a cell.	156
Intracellular glutamate homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of glutamate within a cell.	5
Intracellular iron ion homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron ions within a cell.	73
Intracellular lipid transport	The directed movement of lipids within cells.	50
Intracellular mRNA localization	Any process in which mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	13
Intracellular monoatomic anion homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of monoatomic anions within a cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.	10
Intracellular nitrogen homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of nitrogen within a cell.	5
Intracellular oxygen homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of oxygen within a cell.	8
Intracellular pH elevation	Any process that increases the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	8
Intracellular pH reduction	Any process that reduces the internal pH of a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	55
Intracellular phosphate ion homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of phosphate ions within a cell.	9
Intracellular potassium ion homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of potassium ions within a cell.	15
Intracellular protein transmembrane transport	The directed movement of proteins in a cell, from one side of a membrane to another by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	55
Intracellular sodium ion homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sodium ions within a cell.	22
Intracellular sphingolipid homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of sphingolipids within a cell.	5
Intracellular sterol transport	The directed movement of sterols within cells.	34
Intracellular transport of virus	The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, within the host cell.	11
Intracellular triglyceride homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of triglyceride within a cell.	8
Intracellular water homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within a cell.	6
Intracellular zinc ion homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of zinc ions within a cell.	36
Intraciliary anterograde transport	The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the cell body toward the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum), mediated by motor proteins.	18
Intraciliary retrograde transport	The directed movement of large protein complexes along microtubules from the tip of a cilium (also called flagellum) toward the cell body, mediated by motor proteins.	13
Intraciliary transport	The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium, mediated by motor proteins.	47
Intraciliary transport involved in cilium assembly	The bidirectional movement of large protein complexes along microtubules within a cilium that contributes to cilium assembly.	7
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	84
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	102
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	44
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to a stimulus indicating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.	65
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).	7
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen tension). Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level. The pathway ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	9
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to changes in intracellular ion homeostasis, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	10
Intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a cell. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	58
Iodide transport	The directed movement of iodide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	9
Ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds through activation or inhibition of an ion channel.	8
Ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by glutamate binding to a glutamate receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by the movement of ions through a channel in the receptor complex, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	24
Iris morphogenesis	The process in which the iris is generated and organized. The iris is an anatomical structure in the eye whose opening forms the pupil. The iris is responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupil and the amount of light reaching the retina.	10
Iron coordination entity transport	The directed movement of an iron coordination entity into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	13
Iron import into cell	The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.	10
Iron ion import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of iron ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
Iron ion transmembrane transport	A process in which an iron ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	31
Iron ion transport	The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	59
Iron-sulfur cluster assembly	The incorporation of iron and exogenous sulfur into a metallo-sulfur cluster.	30
Isocitrate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.	6
Isoleucine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.	7
Isoleucine transport	The directed movement of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate, an isomer of dimethylallyl diphosphate and the key precursor of all isoprenoids.	5
Isoprenoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.	29
Isoprenoid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.	10
Isoprenoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.	133
Isoprenoid transport	The directed movement of isoprenoids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Isoprenoids comprise a group of compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.	5
Isotype switching to IgA isotypes	The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgA isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgA constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.	8
Isotype switching to IgG isotypes	The switching of activated B cells from IgM biosynthesis to biosynthesis of an IgG isotype, accomplished through a recombination process involving an intrachromosomal deletion between switch regions that reside 5' of the IgM and one of the IgG constant region gene segments in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.	16
JNK cascade	A MAPK cascade containing at least the JNK (MAPK8) MAP kinase. It starts with the activation of JUN3K (a MAPK3K), which activates JNKK a MAP2K), which in turn activates JNK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier. The JNK cascade is activated by stress signals, as well as by G protein-coupled receptors, growth factors, and cytokines, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation.	163
Keratan sulfate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving keratan sulfate, a glycosaminoglycan with repeat units consisting of beta-1,4-linked D-galactopyranosyl-beta-(1,4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-sulfate and with variable amounts of fucose, sialic acid and mannose units; keratan sulfate chains are covalently linked by a glycosidic attachment through the trisaccharide galactosyl-galactosyl-xylose to peptidyl-threonine or serine residues.	18
Keratinization	The process in which the cytoplasm of the outermost cells of the vertebrate epidermis is replaced by keratin. Keratinization occurs in the stratum corneum, feathers, hair, claws, nails, hooves, and horns.	82
Keratinocyte apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a keratinocyte. A keratinocyte is an epidermal cell which synthesizes keratin and undergoes a characteristic change as it moves upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.	7
Keratinocyte development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a keratinocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	13
Keratinocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a keratinocyte.	176
Keratinocyte migration	The directed movement of a keratinocyte, epidermal cells which synthesize keratin, from one site to another.	20
Keratinocyte proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Keratinocytes are epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo a characteristic change as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin.	59
Ketone biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.	48
Ketone body biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ketone bodies, any one of the three substances: acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate (beta-hydroxybutyrate) or acetone. Biosynthesis involves the formation of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA, which is cleaved to acetate and acetyl-CoA.	6
Ketone body metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ketone body.	10
Ketone catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ketones, a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.	14
Kidney epithelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.	150
Kidney mesenchyme development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a kidney mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of kidney mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Kidney mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the kidney.	17
Kidney morphogenesis	Morphogenesis of a kidney. A kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	99
Killing by host of symbiont cells	Any process mediated by an organism that results in the death of cells in the symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	28
Kinetochore assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.	17
Kinetochore organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the kinetochore, a multisubunit complex that is located at the centromeric region of DNA and provides an attachment point for the spindle microtubules.	21
Kynurenine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving kynurenine, the amino acid 3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine.	11
L-alanine transmembrane transport	The directed movement of L-alanine across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or a pore.	5
L-alanine transport	The directed movement of L-alanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-aminopropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	11
L-alpha-amino acid transmembrane transport	The directed movement of L-alpha-amino acid across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or a pore.	71
L-amino acid transport	The directed movement of L-enantiomer amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	90
L-arginine import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of L-arginine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
L-arginine transmembrane transport	The directed movement of L-arginine across a membrane.	15
L-ascorbic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-ascorbic acid, (2R)-2--4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-olate; L-ascorbic acid is vitamin C and has co-factor and anti-oxidant activities in many species.	10
L-aspartate import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of L-aspartate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	6
L-aspartate transmembrane transport	The directed movement of L-aspartate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or a pore.	11
L-cysteine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-cysteine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid, i.e. (2R)-2-amino-3-mercaptopropanoic acid.	4
L-cystine transport	The directed movement of L-cystine (also known as dicysteine) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
L-glutamate import	The directed movement of L-glutamate, the L-enantiomer of the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid, into a cell or organelle.	39
L-glutamate import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of L-glutamate from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	17
L-glutamate transmembrane transport	The directed movement of L-glutamate across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or a pore.	29
L-glutamine import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of L-glutamine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
L-histidine transmembrane transport	The directed movement of L-histidine across a membrane.	5
L-kynurenine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-kynurenine, the L-enantiomer of the amino acid kynurenine (3-(2-aminobenzoyl)-alanine).	7
L-leucine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.	6
L-leucine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.	8
L-leucine transport	The directed movement of L-leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
L-lysine transport	The directed movement of a L-lysine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	9
L-methionine salvage from methylthioadenosine	The generation of L-methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid) from methylthioadenosine.	5
L-phenylalanine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.	8
L-proline biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-proline, an L-enantiomer of a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.	6
L-serine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.	5
L-serine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.	5
L-serine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.	12
L-serine transport	The directed movement of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Labyrinthine layer blood vessel development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the labyrinthine layer of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The embryonic vessels grow through the layer to come in close contact with the maternal blood supply.	19
Labyrinthine layer development	The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta progresses, from its formation to its mature state.	46
Labyrinthine layer morphogenesis	The process in which the labyrinthine layer of the placenta is generated and organized.	22
Lacrimal gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lacrimal gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lacrimal gland produces secretions that lubricate and protect the cornea of the eye.	7
Lactate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving lactate, the anion of lactic acid.	18
Lactate transmembrane transport	The process in which lactate is transported across a membrane. Lactate is 2-hydroxypropanoate, CH3-CHOH-COOH; L(+)-lactate is formed by anaerobic glycolysis in animal tissues, and DL-lactate is found in sour milk, molasses and certain fruit juices.	7
Lactation	The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.	42
Lamellipodium assembly	Formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.	71
Lamellipodium morphogenesis	A process that is carried out at the cellular level and in which the structure of a lamellipodium is organized.	18
Lamellipodium organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lamellipodium. A lamellipodium is a thin sheetlike process extended by the leading edge of a crawling fibroblast; contains a dense meshwork of actin filaments.	90
Late endosome to Golgi transport	The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the Golgi.	5
Late endosome to lysosome transport	The directed movement of substances from late endosome to lysosome.	22
Late endosome to vacuole transport	The directed movement of substances from late endosomes to the vacuole. In yeast, after transport to the prevacuolar compartment, endocytic content is delivered to the late endosome and on to the vacuole. This pathway is analogous to endosome to lysosome transport.	37
Late endosome to vacuole transport via multivesicular body sorting pathway	The directed movement of substances from endosomes to vacuoles by a pathway in which molecules are sorted into multivesicular bodies, which then fuse with the vacuole.	27
Lateral mesoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	15
Lateral sprouting from an epithelium	The process in which a branch forms along the side of an epithelium.	11
Lateral ventricle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lateral ventricles over time, from the formation to the mature structure. The two lateral ventricles are a cavity in each of the cerebral hemispheres derived from the cavity of the embryonic neural tube. They are separated from each other by the septum pellucidum, and each communicates with the third ventricle by the foramen of Monro, through which also the choroid plexuses of the lateral ventricles become continuous with that of the third ventricle.	12
Layer formation in cerebral cortex	The detachment of cells from radial glial fibers at the appropriate time when they cease to migrate and form distinct layer in the cerebral cortex.	14
Learned vocalization behavior or vocal learning	Vocalisation behavior that is the result of learning, or the process by which new vocalizations are learned.	10
Learning	Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.	150
Left/right axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the left/right axis. The left/right axis is defined by a line that runs orthogonal to both the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes. Each side is defined from the viewpoint of the organism rather of the observer (as per anatomical axes).	13
Lens development in camera-type eye	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lens over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.	89
Lens fiber cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lens fiber cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a lens fiber cell fate. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.	14
Lens fiber cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lens fiber cell, any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in the camera-type eye. The cytoplasm of a lens fiber cell is devoid of most intracellular organelles including the cell nucleus, and contains primarily crystallins, a group of water-soluble proteins expressed in vary large quantities.	37
Lens fiber cell morphogenesis	The process in which the structures of a lens fiber cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a lens fiber cell. A lens fiber cell is any of the elongated, tightly packed cells that make up the bulk of the mature lens in a camera-type eye.	6
Lens morphogenesis in camera-type eye	The process in which the anatomical structures of the lens are generated and organized. The lens is a transparent structure in the eye through which light is focused onto the retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.	22
Leptin-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by leptin binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body.	10
Leukocyte activation involved in inflammatory response	A change in the morphology or behavior of a leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an inflammatory response.	51
Leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell	The attachment of a leukocyte to an arterial endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.	5
Leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell	The attachment of a leukocyte to vascular endothelial cell via adhesion molecules.	56
Leukocyte aggregation	The adhesion of one leukocyte to one or more other leukocytes via adhesion molecules.	13
Leukocyte apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a leukocyte, an achromatic cell of the myeloid or lymphoid lineages capable of ameboid movement, found in blood or other tissue.	119
Leukocyte chemotaxis	The movement of a leukocyte in response to an external stimulus.	237
Leukocyte chemotaxis involved in inflammatory response	The movement of an immune cell in response to an external stimulus contributing to an inflammatory response.	8
Leukocyte degranulation	The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules by a leukocyte.	82
Leukocyte homeostasis	The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of cells of the immune system such that the total number of cells of a particular cell type within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.	108
Leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity	The directed killing of a target cell by a leukocyte.	139
Leukocyte migration involved in inflammatory response	The movement of a leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body contributing to an inflammatory response.	19
Leukocyte tethering or rolling	Transient adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Carbohydrates on circulating leukocytes bind selectins on the vessel wall causing the leukocytes to slow down and roll along the inner surface of the vessel wall. During this rolling motion, transitory bonds are formed and broken between selectins and their ligands. Typically the first step in cellular extravasation (the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory system, towards the site of tissue damage or infection).	34
Leukotriene B4 metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene B4, a leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents.	5
Leukotriene D4 biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene D4.	9
Leukotriene D4 metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene D4.	11
Leukotriene biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.	20
Leukotriene catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.	6
Leukotriene metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.	33
Leukotriene signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by leukotriene binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	5
Leukotriene transport	The directed movement of leukotrienes into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Leukotrienes are linear C20 endogenous metabolites of arachidonic acid (icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid) containing a terminal carboxy function and four or more double bonds (three or more of which are conjugated) as well as other functional groups.	7
Leydig cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Leydig cell. A Leydig cell is a testosterone-secreting cell in the interstitial area, between the seminiferous tubules, in the testis.	11
Ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a ligand-gated ion channel on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a ligand-gated ion channel and ends with a molecular function that directly regulates a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	33
Light adaption	The ability of a photoreceptor to adjust to varying levels of light.	5
Limb bud formation	The process pertaining to the initial formation of a limb bud from unspecified parts. This process begins with the formation of a local condensation of mesenchyme cells within the prospective limb field, and ends when a limb bud is recognizable.	9
Limb joint morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a limb joint are generated and organized. A limb joint is a flexible region that separates the rigid sections of a limb to allow movement in a controlled manner.	5
Limbic system development	The progression of the limbic system over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The limbic system is a collection of structures in the brain involved in emotion, motivation and emotional aspects of memory.	123
Linoleic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving linoleic acid, an unsaturated omega-6 fatty acid that has the molecular formula C18H32O2.	21
Lipid digestion	The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by living organisms to break down ingested lipids into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	22
Lipid droplet disassembly	The disaggregation of a lipid particle into its constituent components.	6
Lipid droplet formation	A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts of a lipid droplet.	13
Lipid droplet organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lipid particle.	34
Lipid export from cell	The directed movement of a lipid from a cell, into the extracellular region.	47
Lipid glycosylation	Covalent attachment of a glycosyl residue to a lipid molecule.	11
Lipid homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of lipid within an organism or cell.	171
Lipid hydroxylation	The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid.	7
Lipid import into cell	The directed movement of a lipid from outside of a cell into a cell. This may occur via transport across the plasma membrane or via endocytosis.	20
Lipid modification	The covalent alteration of one or more fatty acids in a lipid, resulting in a change in the properties of the lipid.	192
Lipid oxidation	The removal of one or more electrons from a lipid, with or without the concomitant removal of a proton or protons, by reaction with an electron-accepting substance, by addition of oxygen or by removal of hydrogen.	114
Lipid phosphorylation	The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.	11
Lipid storage	The accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.	89
Lipid transport across blood-brain barrier	The directed movement of lipid molecules passing through the blood-brain barrier.	6
Lipophagy	The selective degradation of lipid droplets by macroautophagy.	7
Lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Lipopolysaccharides are major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, making them prime targets for recognition by the immune system.	58
Lipoprotein biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.	96
Lipoprotein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.	15
Lipoprotein localization	Any process in which a lipoprotein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	20
Lipoprotein metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the covalently attached nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.	134
Liposaccharide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving liposaccharide.	107
Lipoxin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a lipoxin. A lipoxin is a non-classic eicosanoid and signaling molecule that has four conjugated double bonds and is derived from arachidonic acid.	5
Lipoxygenase pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways by which an unsaturated fatty acid (such as arachidonic acid or linolenic acid) is converted to other compounds, and in which the first step is hydroperoxide formation catalyzed by lipoxygenase.	11
Liver morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the liver are generated and organized.	25
Liver regeneration	The regrowth of lost or destroyed liver.	29
Lobar bronchus development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus is the major airway within the respiratory tree that starts by division of the principal bronchi on both sides and ends at the point of its own subdivision into tertiary or segmental bronchi.	6
Lobar bronchus epithelium development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lobar bronchus epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lobar bronchus epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lobar bronchus epithelium is the tissue made up of epithelial cells that lines the inside of the lobar bronchus.	5
Locomotion involved in locomotory behavior	Self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.	12
Locomotor rhythm	The rhythm of the locomotor activity of an organism during its 24 hour activity cycle.	15
Locomotory behavior	The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.	202
Locomotory exploration behavior	The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to a novel environment.	14
Long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	27
Long-chain fatty acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	9
Long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	10
Long-chain fatty acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a long-chain fatty acid. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	109
Long-chain fatty acid transport	The directed movement of a long-chain fatty acid into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	67
Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	19
Long-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving long-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	25
Long-term memory	The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.	38
Long-term synaptic depression	A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the decrease in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.	32
Long-term synaptic potentiation	A process that modulates synaptic plasticity such that synapses are changed resulting in the increase in the rate, or frequency of synaptic transmission at the synapse.	106
Loop of Henle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The loop of Henle is a nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule.	12
Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	The process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	32
Low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters from LDL to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride to LDL.	16
Low-density lipoprotein receptor particle metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving low-density lipoprotein receptors.	6
Lung alveolus development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the alveolus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The alveolus is a sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of air passageways.	49
Lung cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells, e.g. embryonic or regenerative cells, acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a mature cell found in the lung. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	28
Lung epithelium development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the lung epithelium from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung epithelium and ends with the mature structure. The lung epithelium is the specialized epithelium that lines the inside of the lung.	44
Lung growth	The increase in size or mass of a lung. In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the oesophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive sac-like character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax.	6
Lung lobe development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung lobe from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of a lung lobe by branching morphogenesis and ends with the mature structure. A lung lobe is one of the rounded projections that compose the lung.	7
Lung morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the lung are generated and organized.	54
Lung saccule development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung saccule from an initial condition to its mature state. The lung saccule is the primitive gas exchange portion of the lung composed of type I and type II cells.	10
Lung secretory cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a lung secretory cell. A lung secretory cell is a specialized epithelial cell of the lung that contains large secretory granules in its apical part.	11
Lung vasculature development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the lung vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The lung vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the lungs.	8
Lung-associated mesenchyme development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lung-associated mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of lung-associated mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Lung-associated mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the lung.	8
Luteinization	The set of processes resulting in differentiation of theca and granulosa cells into luteal cells and in the formation of a corpus luteum after ovulation.	12
Luteinizing hormone secretion	The regulated release of luteinizing hormone, a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary.	10
Luteolysis	The lysis or structural demise of the corpus luteum. During normal luteolysis, two closely related events occur. First, there is loss of the capacity to synthesize and secrete progesterone (functional luteolysis) followed by loss of the cells that comprise the corpus luteum (structural luteolysis). Preventing luteolysis is crucial to maintain pregnancy.	6
Lymph node development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of lymph nodes over time, from their formation to the mature structure. A lymph node is a round, oval, or bean shaped structure localized in clusters along the lymphatic vessels, with a distinct internal structure including specialized vasculature and B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.	18
Lymph vessel development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a lymph vessel over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	31
Lymph vessel morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of lymph vessels are generated and organized. The lymph vessel is the vasculature carrying lymph.	23
Lymphangiogenesis	Lymph vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing vessels.	18
Lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation	The process in which a venous blood vessel endothelial cell acquires specialized features of a lymphatic vessel endothelial cell, a thin flattened cell that lines the inside surfaces of lymph vessels.	8
Lymphocyte activation involved in immune response	A change in morphology and behavior of a lymphocyte resulting from exposure to a specific antigen, mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	213
Lymphocyte aggregation	The adhesion of one lymphocyte to one or more other lymphocytes via adhesion molecules.	5
Lymphocyte anergy	Any process contributing to lymphocyte anergy, a state of functional inactivation.	8
Lymphocyte apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a lymphocyte, a leukocyte commonly found in the blood and lymph that has the characteristics of a large nucleus, a neutral staining cytoplasm, and prominent heterochromatin.	82
Lymphocyte chemotaxis	The directed movement of a lymphocyte in response to an external stimulus.	61
Lymphocyte costimulation	The process of providing, via surface-bound receptor-ligand pairs, a second, antigen-independent, signal in addition to that provided by the B- or T cell receptor to augment B- or T cell activation.	50
Lymphocyte homeostasis	The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of lymphocytes such that the total number of lymphocytes within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.	76
Lymphocyte migration	The movement of a lymphocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	120
Lymphocyte migration into lymphoid organs	The movement of a lymphocyte within the lymphatic system into lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen or Peyer's patches, and its subsequent positioning within defined functional compartments such as sites of cell activation by antigen.	9
Lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a lymphoid progenitor cell. Lymphoid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the lymphoid lineages.	24
Lysine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving lysine, 2,6-diaminohexanoic acid.	8
Lysosomal lumen acidification	Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	22
Lysosomal membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosomal membrane. A lysosomal membrane is the lipid bilayer surrounding the lysosome and separating its contents from the cell cytoplasm.	14
Lysosomal protein catabolic process	Any cellular protein catabolic process that takes place in a lysosome.	19
Lysosomal transport	The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a lysosome.	133
Lytic vacuole organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lytic vacuole.	105
MDA-5 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1). MDA-5 detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.	11
MHC class I biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class I.	8
MHC class II biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of major histocompatibility protein class II.	20
Macromolecule deacylation	The removal of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, from a macromolecule.	70
Macromolecule depalmitoylation	The removal of palymitoyl groups from a macromolecule.	11
Macromolecule methylation	The covalent attachment of a methyl residue to one or more monomeric units in a polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide, or other biological macromolecule.	205
Macrophage activation	A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	109
Macrophage activation involved in immune response	A change in morphology and behavior of a macrophage resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	19
Macrophage apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a macrophage, a mononuclear phagocyte present in a variety of tissues.	13
Macrophage chemotaxis	The movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.	41
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor production	The appearance of macrophage colony-stimulating factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	7
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of the cytokine macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	7
Macrophage cytokine production	The appearance of a macrophage cytokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	37
Macrophage differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a macrophage.	62
Macrophage fusion	The binding and fusion of a macrophage to one or more other cells to form a multinucleated cell.	6
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha production	The appearance of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	6
Macrophage migration	The orderly movement of a macrophage from one site to another.	60
Macrophage proliferation	The expansion of a macrophage population by cell division.	12
Macropinocytosis	An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment by the 'ruffling' of the cell membrane to form heterogeneously sized intracellular vesicles called macropinosomes, which can be up to 5 micrometers in size.	10
Magnesium ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of magnesium ions within an organism or cell.	11
Magnesium ion transport	The directed movement of magnesium (Mg) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	18
Maintenance of DNA repeat elements	Any process involved in sustaining the fidelity and copy number of DNA repeat elements.	7
Maintenance of animal organ identity	The process in which the identity of an animal organ is maintained. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.	5
Maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity	Retaining the established polarization of a cell along its apical/basal axis.	10
Maintenance of blood-brain barrier	Maintaining the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier, thus ensuring specific regulated transport of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into the brain, and out of the brain into the blood circulation.	38
Maintenance of cell number	Any process by which the numbers of cells of a particular type or in a tissue are maintained.	187
Maintenance of cell polarity	The maintenance of established anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.	17
Maintenance of centrosome location	Any process in which a centrosome is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.	6
Maintenance of gastrointestinal epithelium	Protection of epithelial surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract from proteolytic and caustic digestive agents.	24
Maintenance of lens transparency	A homeostatic process in which the lens is maintained in a highly refractive, transparent state to allow for optimal focusing of light on the retina.	7
Maintenance of location in cell	Any process in which a substance or cellular entity, such as a protein complex or organelle, is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.	234
Maintenance of organelle location	Any process in which an organelle is maintained in a specific location within a cell and prevented from moving elsewhere.	13
Maintenance of postsynaptic specialization structure	A process which maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins in the presynaptic specialization.	8
Maintenance of presynaptic active zone structure	A process which maintains the organization and the arrangement of proteins at the active zone to ensure the fusion and docking of vesicles and the release of neurotransmitters.	6
Maintenance of protein localization in endoplasmic reticulum	Any process in which a protein is maintained in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the endoplasmic reticulum, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the endoplasmic reticulum.	11
Maintenance of protein localization in organelle	Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location a specific location on or in an organelle, and is prevented from moving elsewhere. Encompasses establishment of localization in the membrane or lumen of a membrane-bounded organelle.	40
Maintenance of protein location	Any process in which a protein is maintained in a location and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration, stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that do move away.	91
Maintenance of protein location in cell	Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within, or in the membrane of, a cell, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.	63
Maintenance of protein location in extracellular region	Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location within the extracellular region and is prevented from moving elsewhere.	8
Maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion	Any process in which a protein is maintained in a specific location in a mitochondrion, and is prevented from moving elsewhere.	5
Maintenance of protein location in nucleus	Any process in which a protein is maintained in the nucleus and prevented from moving elsewhere. These include sequestration within the nucleus, protein stabilization to prevent transport elsewhere and the active retrieval of proteins that escape the nucleus.	23
Maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion	The process in which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained as chromosomes condense, attach to the spindle in a bipolar orientation, and congress to the metaphase plate.	13
Maintenance of synapse structure	A process that preserves the structural organistation and orientation of a synaptic cellular component such as the synaptic cytoskeleton and molecular scaffolds.	26
Malate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.	9
Male genitalia development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	24
Male mating behavior	The specific behavior of a male organism that is associated with reproduction.	6
Male meiosis I	A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.	27
Male meiotic nuclear division	A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.	55
Male sex determination	The specification of male sex of an individual organism.	14
Male sex differentiation	The establishment of the sex of a male organism by physical differentiation.	173
Malonyl-CoA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving malonyl-CoA, the S-malonyl derivative of coenzyme A.	6
Mammalian oogenesis stage	A reproductive process that is a step in the formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell.	12
Mammary gland alveolus development	The progression of the mammary gland alveolus over time, from its formation to its mature state. The mammary gland alveolus is a sac-like structure that is found in the mature gland.	20
Mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy	The process in which the branching structure of the mammary gland duct is generated and organized as a part of pregnancy.	7
Mammary gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk. Its development starts with the formation of the mammary line and ends as the mature gland cycles between nursing and weaning stages.	133
Mammary gland duct morphogenesis	The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary ducts are generated and organized. Mammary ducts are epithelial tubes that transport milk.	29
Mammary gland epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized epithelial cell becomes a more specialized epithelial cell of the mammary gland.	17
Mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of mammary gland epithelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Mammary gland epithelial cells make up the covering of surfaces of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.	26
Mammary gland epithelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.	66
Mammary gland formation	The process pertaining to the initial formation of the mammary gland from unspecified parts. The process begins with formation of the mammary line and ends when the solid mammary bud invades the primary mammary mesenchyme.	7
Mammary gland involution	The tissue remodeling that removes differentiated mammary epithelia during weaning.	8
Mammary gland morphogenesis	The process in which anatomical structures of the mammary gland are generated and organized. Morphogenesis refers to the creation of shape. The mammary gland is a large compound sebaceous gland that in female mammals is modified to secrete milk.	43
Manchette assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a manchette.	7
Manganese ion transport	The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	11
Mannose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.	9
Mannosylation	The covalent attachment of a mannose residue to a substrate molecule.	23
Marginal zone B cell differentiation	The process in which a B cell in the spleen acquires the specialized features of a marginal zone B cell. Marginal zone B cells are localized in a distinct anatomical region of the spleen that represents the major antigen-filtering and scavenging area (by specialized macrophages resident there). It appears that they are preselected to express a BCR repertoire similar to B-1 B cells, biased toward bacterial cell wall constituents and senescent self-components (such as oxidized LDL).	9
Mast cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a mast cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, soluble factor, or to (at least in mammals) an antigen which the mast cell has specifically bound via IgE bound to Fc-epsilonRI receptors.	72
Mast cell chemotaxis	The movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.	11
Mast cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a mast cell.	6
Mast cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a mast cell. A mast cell is a cell that is found in almost all tissues containing numerous basophilic granules and capable of releasing large amounts of histamine and heparin upon activation.	6
Mast cell mediated immunity	Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a mast cell.	59
Mast cell migration	The movement of a mast cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	14
Mast cell proliferation	The expansion of a mast cell population by cell division.	7
Maternal placenta development	Maternally driven process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.	35
Maternal process involved in female pregnancy	A reproductive process occurring in the mother that allows an embryo or fetus to develop within it.	58
Maternal process involved in parturition	A reproductive process occurring in the mother that results in birth.	6
Mating behavior	The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.	36
Maturation of 5.8S rRNA	Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor 5.8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature 5.8S rRNA molecule.	36
Maturation of 5.8S rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)	Any process involved in the maturation of an rRNA molecule originally produced as part of a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contained the Small SubUnit (SSU) rRNA, the 5.8S rRNA, and the Large SubUnit (LSU) rRNA, in that order, from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.	25
Maturation of LSU-rRNA	Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule.	28
Maturation of LSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)	Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Large SubUnit (LSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature LSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.	16
Maturation of SSU-rRNA	Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule.	51
Maturation of SSU-rRNA from tricistronic rRNA transcript (SSU-rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, LSU-rRNA)	Any process involved in the maturation of a precursor Small SubUnit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecule into a mature SSU-rRNA molecule from the pre-rRNA molecule originally produced as a tricistronic rRNA transcript that contains the Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, and the Large Subunit (LSU) in that order from 5' to 3' along the primary transcript.	34
Mature B cell differentiation	The process in which transitional stage B cells acquire the specialized features of mature B cells in the spleen.	38
Mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response	The process in which a naive B cell acquires the specialized features of a mature or memory B cell during an immune response.	32
Mature conventional dendritic cell differentiation	The process in which antigen-activated dendritic cells acquire the specialized features of a mature conventional dendritic cell. Mature conventional dendritic cells upregulate the surface expression of MHC molecules, chemokine receptors and adhesion molecules, and increase the number of dendrites (cytoplasmic protrusions) in preparation for migration to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells.	5
Mechanoreceptor differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mechanoreceptor, a cell specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system.	67
Mechanosensory behavior	Behavior that is dependent upon the sensation of a mechanical stimulus.	14
Medium-chain fatty acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a medium-chain fatty acid. A medium-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 6 to 12 carbons.	6
Medium-chain fatty acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a medium-chain fatty acid. A medium-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 6 to 12 carbons.	5
Medium-chain fatty acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a medium-chain fatty acid. A medium-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 6 to 12 carbons.	15
Medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving medium-chain fatty-acyl-CoAs, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in a thioester linkage with a long-chain fatty-acyl group. A medium-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 6 to 12 carbons.	6
Megakaryocyte development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a megakaryocyte cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Megakaryocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a megakaryocyte fate. A megakaryocyte is a giant cell 50 to 100 micron in diameter, with a greatly lobulated nucleus, found in the bone marrow.	23
Megakaryocyte differentiation	The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires specializes features of a megakaryocyte.	65
Meiosis I cell cycle process	A process that contributes to the first meiotic division. The first meiotic division is the reductive division resulting in the separation of homologous chromosome pairs.	134
Meiotic DNA double-strand break formation	The cell cycle process in which double-strand breaks are generated at defined hotspots throughout the genome during meiosis I. This results in the initiation of meiotic recombination.	7
Meiotic attachment of telomere to nuclear envelope	The meiotic cell cycle process in which physical connections are formed between telomeric heterochromatin and the nuclear envelope, facilitating bouquet formation.	5
Meiotic cell cycle	Progression through the phases of the meiotic cell cycle, in which canonically a cell replicates to produce four offspring with half the chromosomal content of the progenitor cell via two nuclear divisions.	285
Meiotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling	A signaling process that contributes to a meiotic cell cycle checkpoint that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a meiotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.	8
Meiotic cell cycle phase transition	The cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering the next meiotic cell cycle phase.	13
Meiotic cell cycle process	A process that is part of the meiotic cell cycle.	212
Meiotic cell cycle process involved in oocyte maturation	Any meiotic cell cycle process that is involved in oocyte maturation.	6
Meiotic chromosome condensation	Compaction of chromatin structure prior to meiosis in eukaryotic cells.	6
Meiotic chromosome segregation	The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during M phase of the meiotic cell cycle.	91
Meiotic chromosome separation	The process in which chromosomes are physically detached from each other during meiosis.	8
Meiotic cytokinesis	A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.	8
Meiotic sister chromatid cohesion	The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome during meiosis.	14
Meiotic spindle assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle that contributes to the process of meiosis.	12
Meiotic spindle organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a meiotic cell cycle.	19
Meiotic telomere clustering	The cell cycle process in which the dynamic reorganization of telomeres occurs in early meiotic prophase, during which meiotic chromosome ends are gathered in a bouquet arrangement at the inner surface of the nuclear envelope proximal to the spindle pole body. This plays an important role in progression through meiosis and precedes synapsis.	10
Melanin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.	26
Melanocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a melanocyte.	25
Melanocyte proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of melanocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A melanocyte is a pigment cell derived from the neural crest. It contains melanin-filled pigment granules, which give a brown to black appearance.	5
Melanosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a melanosome, a tissue-specific, membrane-bounded cytoplasmic organelle within which melanin pigments are synthesized and stored.	19
Membrane biogenesis	A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a membrane.	64
Membrane depolarization	The process in which membrane potential decreases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more positive potential. For example, the initial depolarization during the rising phase of an action potential is in the direction from the negative steady-state resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.	80
Membrane depolarization during AV node cell action potential	The process in which AV node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.	6
Membrane depolarization during SA node cell action potential	The process in which SA node cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.	5
Membrane depolarization during action potential	The process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.	28
Membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	The process in which cardiac muscle cell membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the negative resting potential towards the positive membrane potential that will be the peak of the action potential.	22
Membrane disassembly	The controlled breakdown of any cell membrane in the context of a normal process such as autophagy.	11
Membrane docking	The initial attachment of a membrane or protein to a target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.	92
Membrane fission	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the separation of a single continuous membrane into two membranes.	42
Membrane fusion	The membrane organization process that joins two lipid bilayers to form a single membrane.	182
Membrane fusion involved in viral entry into host cell	Merging of the virion membrane and a host membrane (host plasma membrane or host organelle membrane) that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell.	5
Membrane hyperpolarization	The process in which membrane potential increases with respect to its steady-state potential, usually from negative potential to a more negative potential. For example, during the repolarization phase of an action potential the membrane potential often becomes more negative or hyperpolarized before returning to the steady-state resting potential.	11
Membrane invagination	The infolding of a membrane.	65
Membrane lipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.	148
Membrane lipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.	38
Membrane lipid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.	209
Membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis	The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).	47
Membrane protein intracellular domain proteolysis	The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of an intracellular domain.	14
Membrane protein proteolysis	The proteolytic cleavage of a transmembrane protein leading to the release of its intracellular or ecto-domains.	59
Membrane raft assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a membrane raft, a small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalizes cellular processes.	11
Membrane raft localization	Any process in which membrane rafts are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.	8
Membrane raft organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of membrane rafts, small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.	26
Membrane repolarization	The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.	52
Membrane repolarization during action potential	The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.	30
Membrane repolarization during atrial cardiac muscle cell action potential	The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the atrial cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.	7
Membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the cardiac muscle cell plasma membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.	24
Membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	The process in which ions are transported across a membrane such that the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential changes in the direction from the positive membrane potential at the peak of the action potential towards the negative resting potential.	15
Membrane to membrane docking	The initial attachment of a membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the two membranes. Docking requires only that the membranes come close enough for the proteins to interact and adhere.	5
Membranous septum morphogenesis	The process in which the membranous septum is generated and organized. The membranous septum is the upper part of ventricular septum.	8
Memory	The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).	123
Mesangial cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesangial cell in the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	6
Mesangial cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesangial cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	7
Mesenchymal cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.	16
Mesenchymal cell development	The process aimed at the progression of a mesenchymal cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to its specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	6
Mesenchymal cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal cell. A mesenchymal cell is a loosely associated cell that is part of the connective tissue in an organism. Mesenchymal cells give rise to more mature connective tissue cell types.	262
Mesenchymal cell differentiation involved in kidney development	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the kidney as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	7
Mesenchymal cell migration	The orderly movement of a mesenchymal cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.	62
Mesenchymal cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.	44
Mesenchymal cell proliferation involved in lung development	The multiplication or reproduction of cells, resulting in the expansion of a mesenchymal cell population that contributes to the progression of the lung over time. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.	6
Mesenchymal stem cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a mesenchymal stem cell. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.	12
Mesenchymal stem cell maintenance involved in nephron morphogenesis	The process in which an organism retains a population of mesenchymal stem cells that contributes to the shaping of a nephron. A mesenchymal stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.	6
Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of mesenchymal stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A mesenchymal stem cell, or MSC, is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized mesenchymal cells.	10
Mesenchymal to epithelial transition	A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity, forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell.	19
Mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis	A transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.	11
Mesenchymal-epithelial cell signaling	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from a mesenchymal cell to an epithelial cell where it is received and interpreted.	7
Mesenchyme migration	The process in which the population of cells that make up a mesenchyme undergo directed movement.	5
Mesenchyme morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesenchymal tissue are generated and organized. A mesenchymal tissue is made up of loosely packed stellate cells.	60
Mesendoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesendoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, mesendoderm development gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm tissues.	9
Mesoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.	135
Mesoderm morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the mesoderm are generated and organized.	77
Mesodermal cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a mesoderm cell.	34
Mesodermal cell fate commitment	The cell differentiation process that results in commitment of a cell to become part of the mesoderm.	17
Mesodermal cell fate specification	The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.	12
Mesodermal cell migration	The orderly movement of mesodermal cells from one site to another.	5
Mesonephric duct development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a mesonephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A mesonephric duct is a tube drains the mesonephros.	9
Mesonephric tubule formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a mesonephric tubule from unspecified parts. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.	10
Mesonephric tubule morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a mesonephric tubule are generated and organized. A mesonephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the mesonephros.	68
Mesonephros development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the mesonephros is the second of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the mesonephros will form the mature kidney.	103
Metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis	The process in which the metanephric S-shaped body is generated and organized. The metanephric S-shaped body is the successor of the metanephric comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of a nephron in the metanephros.	5
Metanephric collecting duct development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a collecting duct in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The collecting duct responds to vasopressin and aldosterone to regulate water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. The collecting duct is the final common path through which urine flows before entering the ureter and then emptying into the bladder.	10
Metanephric distal tubule development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric distal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric distal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that begins at the metanephric macula densa and extends to the metanephric connecting tubule.	7
Metanephric epithelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an epithelium in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure.	29
Metanephric glomerular mesangium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric glomerular mesangium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric glomerular mesangium is the thin membrane connective tissue composed of mesangial cells in the metanephros, which helps to support the capillary loops in a renal glomerulus.	5
Metanephric glomerulus development	The progression of the metanephric glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The metanephric glomerulus is a capillary tuft which forms a close network with the visceral epithelium (podocytes) and the mesangium to form the filtration barrier and is surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the mature vertebrate kidney, or metanephros.	17
Metanephric glomerulus vasculature development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric glomerulus vasculature from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the metanephric glomerulus vasculature and ends with the mature structure. The metanephric glomerulus vasculature is composed of the tubule structures that carry blood or lymph in the metanephric glomerulus.	9
Metanephric loop of Henle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric loop of Henle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric loop of Henle is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the metanephros.	6
Metanephric mesenchymal cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the mesenchymal cells of the metanephros as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	5
Metanephric mesenchyme development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a metanephric mesenchyme from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of metanephric mesenchyme and ends with the mature structure. Metanephric mesenchyme is the tissue made up of loosely connected mesenchymal cells in the metanephros.	14
Metanephric nephron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephron in the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.	41
Metanephric nephron epithelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The metanephric nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron in the metanephros.	25
Metanephric nephron morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric nephron are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron is the functional unit of the metanephros.	24
Metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the metanephric nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	6
Metanephric nephron tubule morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric nephron tubule are generated and organized. A metanephric nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephric nephron, the functional part of the metanephros.	8
Metanephric part of ureteric bud development	The development of the portion of the ureteric bud tube that contributes to the morphogenesis of the metanephros.	6
Metanephric proximal tubule development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephric proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephric proximal tubule is a metanephric nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle in the metanephros. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.	5
Metanephric renal vesicle morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephric renal vesicle are generated and organized. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the metanephric nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.	14
Metanephric tubule formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a metanephric tubule.	6
Metanephric tubule morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a metanephric tubule are generated and organized from an epithelium. A metanephric tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the metanephros.	11
Metanephros development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the metanephros is the excretory organ of the fetus, which develops into the mature kidney and is formed from the rear portion of the nephrogenic cord. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	94
Metanephros morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the metanephros are generated and organized.	31
Metaphase chromosome alignment	A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.	98
Metaphase/anaphase transition of meiotic cell cycle	The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase as part of meiosis.	5
Metencephalon development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	112
Methionine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.	12
Methionine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.	16
Methylation	The process in which a methyl group is covalently attached to a molecule.	275
Methylglyoxal metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving methylglyoxal, CH3-CO-CHO, the aldehyde of pyruvic acid.	6
Microautophagy	A type of autophagy where cytosolic components are ingested by late endosomes, lysosomes or yeast-type lytic vacuoles by direct invagination of the compartment membrane without prior sequestration into an autophagosome. The engulfing membranes fuse, resulting in the lysosomal delivery of the cargo wrapped in a single membrane derived from the invaginated lysosomal membrane.	13
Microglia differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a microglial cell. Microglia are glial cells that act as the immune cells of the central nervous system. They form part of the supporting structure of this system.	11
Microglial cell activation involved in immune response	The change in morphology and behavior of a microglial cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	5
Microglial cell mediated cytotoxicity	The directed killing of a target cell by a microglial cell.	5
Microglial cell migration	The orderly movement of a microglial cell from one site to another.	8
Microglial cell proliferation	The expansion of a microglial cell population by cell division.	8
Microtubule anchoring	Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell.	25
Microtubule anchoring at microtubule organizing center	Any process in which a microtubule is maintained in a specific location in a cell by attachment to a microtubule organizing center.	14
Microtubule bundle formation	A process that results in a parallel arrangement of microtubules.	116
Microtubule cytoskeleton organization involved in mitosis	Any microtubule cytoskeleton organization that is involved in mitosis.	165
Microtubule depolymerization	The removal of tubulin heterodimers from one or both ends of a microtubule.	46
Microtubule nucleation	The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).	45
Microtubule nucleation by microtubule organizing center	The 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, mediated by the microtubule organizing center.	5
Microtubule organizing center localization	Any process in which the microtubule organizing center is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	32
Microtubule organizing center organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microtubule organizing center, a structure from which microtubules grow.	155
Microtubule polymerization	The addition of tubulin heterodimers to one or both ends of a microtubule.	95
Microtubule polymerization or depolymerization	Assembly or disassembly of microtubules by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.	136
Microtubule severing	The process in which a microtubule is broken down into smaller segments. Severing enzymes remove dimers from the middle of the filament to create new ends, unlike depolymerizing kinesins that use ATP to uncap microtubules at their ends.	8
Microtubule-based protein transport	A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of proteins.	14
Microtubule-based transport	A microtubule-based process that results in the transport of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components. Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.	209
Microvillus assembly	Formation of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.	21
Microvillus organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus, a thin cylindrical membrane-covered projection on the surface of a cell.	29
Micturition	The regulation of body fluids process in which parasympathetic nerves stimulate the bladder wall muscle to contract and expel urine from the body.	8
Midbody abscission	The process by which the midbody, the cytoplasmic bridge that connects the two prospective daughter cells, is severed at the end of mitotic cytokinesis, resulting in two separate daughter cells.	18
Midbrain development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain is the middle division of the three primary divisions of the developing chordate brain or the corresponding part of the adult brain (in vertebrates, includes a ventral part containing the cerebral peduncles and a dorsal tectum containing the corpora quadrigemina and that surrounds the aqueduct of Sylvius connecting the third and fourth ventricles).	90
Midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a midbrain dopaminergic neuron.	17
Midbrain-hindbrain boundary development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midbrain-hindbrain domain of the embryonic brain is comprised of the mesencephalic vesicle and the first rhombencephalic vesicle at early somitogenesis stages.	7
Middle ear morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the middle ear are generated and organized. The middle ear is the air-filled cavity within the skull of vertebrates that lies between the outer ear and the inner ear. It is linked to the pharynx (and therefore to outside air) via the Eustachian tube and in mammals contains the three ear ossicles, which transmit auditory vibrations from the outer ear (via the tympanum) to the inner ear (via the oval window).	20
Midgut development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.	11
Mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.	12
Mineralocorticoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.	14
Mineralocorticoid secretion	The regulated release of any mineralocorticoid into the circulatory system. Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones that regulate water and electrolyte metabolism.	7
Mismatch repair	A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.	35
Mitochondrial ADP transmembrane transport	The process in which ADP is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.	5
Mitochondrial ATP transmembrane transport	The process in which ATP is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.	8
Mitochondrial DNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving mitochondrial DNA.	23
Mitochondrial DNA repair	The process of restoring mitochondrial DNA after damage.	5
Mitochondrial DNA replication	The process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized in the mitochondrion.	14
Mitochondrial RNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome; occurs in the mitochondrion.	6
Mitochondrial RNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.	6
Mitochondrial RNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome and occurring in the mitochondrion.	52
Mitochondrial RNA modification	Any RNA modification that takes place in mitochondrion.	10
Mitochondrial RNA processing	The conversion of a primary RNA molecule transcribed from a mitochondrial genome into one or more mature RNA molecules; occurs in the mitochondrion.	21
Mitochondrial calcium ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytoplasm of a cell or between mitochondria and their surroundings.	26
Mitochondrial calcium ion transmembrane transport	The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.	18
Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase) in the mitochondrial inner membrane.	23
Mitochondrial depolarization	The process in which the potential difference across the mitochondrial membrane is reduced from its steady state level.	23
Mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone	The transfer of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation.	51
Mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen	The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.	25
Mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone	The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.	5
Mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c	The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.	14
Mitochondrial fission	The division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.	40
Mitochondrial fragmentation involved in apoptotic process	The change in the morphology of the mitochondria in an apoptotic cell from a highly branched network to a fragmented vesicular form.	10
Mitochondrial fusion	Merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.	33
Mitochondrial gene expression	The process in which a mitochondrial gene's sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA or circRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA or circRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form.	163
Mitochondrial genome maintenance	The maintenance of the structure and integrity of the mitochondrial genome; includes replication and segregation of the mitochondrial chromosome.	31
Mitochondrial membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.	114
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization	The process by which the mitochondrial outer membrane becomes permeable to the passing of proteins and other molecules from the intermembrane space to the cytosol as part of the apoptotic signaling pathway.	37
Mitochondrial protein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mitochondrial protein. This process is necessary to maintain the healthy state of mitochondria and is thought to occur via the induction of an intramitochondrial lysosome-like organelle that acts to eliminate the damaged oxidised mitochondrial proteins without destroying the mitochondrial structure.	6
Mitochondrial protein processing	The peptide cleavage of mitochondrial proteins, including cleavage contributing to their import.	13
Mitochondrial proton-transporting ATP synthase complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting ATP synthase in the mitochondrial inner membrane.	8
Mitochondrial respirasome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of respiratory enzyme complexes of the mitochondrial inner membrane (including, for example, complex II, complex III, complex IV) to form a large supercomplex.	11
Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex.	97
Mitochondrial ribosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mitochondrial ribosome and of its subunits.	10
Mitochondrial tRNA processing	The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group, in the mitochondrion.	14
Mitochondrial transcription	The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.	19
Mitochondrial translation	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a protein in a mitochondrion. This is a ribosome-mediated process in which the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) is used to specify the sequence of amino acids in the protein; the mitochondrion has its own ribosomes and transfer RNAs, and uses a genetic code that differs from the nuclear code.	130
Mitochondrial translational elongation	The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis in a mitochondrion.	5
Mitochondrial transmembrane transport	The process in which a solute is transported from one side of a membrane to the other into, out of or within a mitochondrion.	60
Mitochondrial transport	Transport of substances into, out of or within a mitochondrion.	185
Mitochondrion distribution	Any process that establishes the spatial arrangement of mitochondria between and within cells.	17
Mitochondrion localization	Any process in which a mitochondrion or mitochondria are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	50
Mitochondrion-endoplasmic reticulum membrane tethering	The attachment of a mitochondrion and an endoplasmic reticulum via molecular tethers that physically bridge their respective membranes and attach them to each other. The tethering may facilitate exchange of metabolites between the organelles.	7
Mitophagy	The selective autophagy process in which a mitochondrion is degraded by macroautophagy.	37
Mitotic DNA integrity checkpoint signaling	A signaling process that controls cell cycle progression in response to changes in DNA structure by monitoring the integrity of the DNA during mitosis. The DNA integrity checkpoint begins with detection of DNA damage, defects in DNA structure or DNA replication, and ends with signal transduction.	87
Mitotic DNA replication	Any nuclear DNA replication that is involved in a mitotic cell cycle.	16
Mitotic DNA replication checkpoint signaling	A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic DNA replication checkpoint.	10
Mitotic G1/S transition checkpoint signaling	A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G1 to S phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.	29
Mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.	37
Mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint	A cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression from G2 to M phase as part of a mitotic cell cycle.	52
Mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling	A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.	141
Mitotic chromosome condensation	The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.	19
Mitotic cytokinesis	A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after mitosis, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.	88
Mitotic cytokinetic process	Any cytokinetic process that is involved in mitotic cell cycle.	27
Mitotic intra-S DNA damage checkpoint signaling	A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that slows DNA synthesis in response to DNA damage by the prevention of new origin firing and the stabilization of slow replication fork progression.	17
Mitotic metaphase chromosome alignment	A chromosome localization process whereby chromosomes are positioned in a specific order and orientation at the metaphase plate (spindle equator), during mitotic chromosome segregation. This alignment ensures that each daughter cell will receive the correct number of chromosomes during cell division.	59
Mitotic nuclear division	A mitotic cell cycle process comprising the steps by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides; the process involves condensation of chromosomal DNA into a highly compacted form. Canonically, mitosis produces two daughter nuclei whose chromosome complement is identical to that of the mother cell.	277
Mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly	The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.	7
Mitotic nuclear membrane organization	A mitotic cell cycle process which results in the assembly, arrangement, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane during mitosis.	10
Mitotic recombination	The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.	25
Mitotic sister chromatid cohesion	The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.	31
Mitotic sister chromatid cohesion, centromeric	The cell cycle process in which centromeres of sister chromatids are joined during mitosis.	5
Mitotic sister chromatid segregation	The cell cycle process in which replicated homologous chromosomes are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two sets during the mitotic cell cycle. Each replicated chromosome, composed of two sister chromatids, aligns at the cell equator, paired with its homologous partner. One homolog of each morphologic type goes into each of the resulting chromosome sets.	187
Mitotic sister chromatid separation	The process in which sister chromatids are physically detached from each other during mitosis.	62
Mitotic spindle assembly	Mitotic bipolar spindle assembly begins with spindle microtubule nucleation from the separated spindle pole body, includes spindle elongation during prometaphase, and is complete when all kinetochores are stably attached the spindle, and the spindle assembly checkpoint is satisfied.	73
Mitotic spindle elongation	The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle elongation begins during mitotic prophase and ends during mitotic anaphase B.	12
Mitotic spindle organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.	132
Mitral valve development	The progression of the mitral valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	13
Modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton	Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.	11
Modification of postsynaptic structure	Any process that modifies the structure of a postsynapse.	21
Modification of synaptic structure	Any process that modifies the structure/morphology of a synapse.	28
Modified amino acid transport	The directed movement of modified amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	50
Modulation by host of symbiont process	The process in which an host alters or subverts a process in a symbiont organism. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	86
Modulation by host of viral RNA genome replication	A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral RNA genome replication.	4
Modulation by host of viral genome replication	A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.	26
Modulation by host of viral process	A process in which a host organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.	49
Modulation by symbiont of entry into host	Any process in which an organism modulates the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.	56
Modulation by virus of host process	The process in which a virus effects a change in the structure or processes of its host organism.	7
Modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). EPSP is a process that leads to a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.	49
Modulation of inhibitory postsynaptic potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). IPSP is a temporary decrease in postsynaptic membrane potential due to the flow of negatively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) and makes it more difficult for the neuron to fire an action potential.	7
Modulation of microtubule cytoskeleton involved in cerebral cortex radial glia guided migration	Rearrangements of the microtubule cytoskeleton that contribute to the movement of cells along radial glial cells as a component of the process of cerebral cortex glial-mediated radial migration.	5
Modulation of process of another organism	The process in which an organism effects a change in the structure or processes of another organism.	19
Molting cycle	The periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin, etc.	116
Molting cycle process	A multicellular organismal process involved in the periodic casting off and regeneration of an outer covering of cuticle, feathers, hair, horns, skin.	96
Monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.	7
Monoacylglycerol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.	7
Monoacylglycerol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.	14
Monoamine transport	The directed movement of monoamines, organic compounds that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by an ethylene group (-CH2-CH2-), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	89
Monoatomic anion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of monoatomic anions within an organism or cell. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are anions consisting of exactly one atom.	21
Monoatomic anion transport	The directed movement of a monoatomic anion, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Monatomic anions (also called simple anions) are negatively charged ions consisting of exactly one atom.	172
Monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.	225
Monocarboxylic acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monocarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing one carboxyl (-COOH) group.	131
Monocarboxylic acid transport	The directed movement of monocarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	178
Monocyte activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a monocyte resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	12
Monocyte aggregation	The adhesion of one monocyte to one or more other monocytes via adhesion molecules.	5
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production	The appearance of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	20
Monocyte chemotaxis	The movement of a monocyte in response to an external stimulus.	70
Monocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a monocyte.	35
Monocyte extravasation	The migration of a monocyte from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.	9
Mononuclear cell migration	The movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	203
Monosaccharide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.	101
Monosaccharide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of monosaccharides, polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms.	52
Monosaccharide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.	260
Monoterpenoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving monoterpenoid compounds, terpenoids having a C10 skeleton.	6
Monoubiquitinated protein deubiquitination	The removal of the ubiquitin group from a monoubiquitinated protein.	8
Morphogenesis of a branching structure	The process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem. Examples in animals would include blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and other endothelial or epithelial tubes.	203
Morphogenesis of a polarized epithelium	The morphogenetic process in which the anatomical structures of a polarized epithelium are generated and organized. A polarized epithelium is an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.	93
Morphogenesis of an endothelium	The process in which the anatomical structure of an endothelium is generated and organized. Endothelium refers to the layer of cells lining blood vessels, lymphatics, the heart, and serous cavities, and is derived from bone marrow or mesoderm. Corneal endothelium is a special case, derived from neural crest cells.	17
Morphogenesis of an epithelial bud	The morphogenetic process in which a bud forms from an epithelial sheet. A bud is a protrusion that forms form the sheet by localized folding.	15
Morphogenesis of an epithelial fold	The morphogenetic process in which an epithelial sheet bends along a linear axis.	24
Morphogenesis of an epithelial sheet	The process in which the anatomical structures of an epithelial sheet are generated and organized. An epithelial sheet is a flat surface consisting of closely packed epithelial cells.	60
Morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium	The process in which the anatomical structures of embryonic epithelia are generated and organized.	151
Motile cilium assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a motile cilium.	65
Motor behavior	The specific neuromuscular movement of a single organism in response to external or internal stimuli.	22
Motor learning	Any process in which an organism acquires a novel neuromuscular action or movement as the result of experience.	7
Motor neuron apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a motor neuron, an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.	21
Motor neuron axon guidance	The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.	25
Motor neuron migration	The orderly movement of a motor neuron from one site to another. A motor neuron is an efferent neuron that passes from the central nervous system or a ganglion toward or to a muscle and conducts an impulse that causes movement.	13
Mucociliary clearance	The respiratory system process driven by motile cilia on epithelial cells of the respiratory tract by which mucus and associated inhaled particles and pathogens trapped within it are moved out of the airways.	7
Mucopolysaccharide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving mucopolysaccharide.	92
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue is typically found as nodules associated with mucosal epithelia with distinct internal structures including B- and T-zones for the activation of lymphocytes.	8
Mucus secretion	The regulated release of mucus by the mucosa. Mucus is a viscous slimy secretion consisting of mucins and various inorganic salts dissolved in water, with suspended epithelial cells and leukocytes. The mucosa, or mucous membrane, is the membrane covered with epithelium that lines the tubular organs of the body. Mucins are carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins that have a lubricating and protective function.	18
Multi-ciliated epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a multi-ciliated epithelial cell.	9
Multi-multicellular organism process	A multicellular organism process which involves another multicellular organism of the same or different species.	215
Multi-pass transmembrane protein insertion into ER membrane	A process of protein insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Insertion of multi-pass membrane proteins is mediated by the multi-pass translocon complex and takes place following membrane insertion of the first few transmembrane segments of proteins by the SEC61 complex to promote insertion of subsequent transmembrane regions.	9
Multicellular organism growth	The increase in size or mass of an entire multicellular organism, as opposed to cell growth.	145
Multicellular organismal movement	Any physiological process involved in changing the position of a multicellular organism or an anatomical part of a multicellular organism.	60
Multicellular organismal response to stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a multicellular organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).	92
Multicellular organismal-level chemical homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of a chemical within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.	73
Multicellular organismal-level iron ion homeostasis	A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of iron within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.	25
Multicellular organismal-level water homeostasis	A chemical homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of a steady state level of water within extracellular body fluids, such as blood, xylem or phloem, of a multicellular organism. This is distinct from maintenance of cellular homeostasis, which occurs within a cell.	33
Multinuclear osteoclast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of a multinuclear osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.	8
Multivesicular body organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a multivesicular body. A multivesicular body is a type of late endosome in which regions of the limiting endosomal membrane invaginate to form internal vesicles; membrane proteins that enter the internal vesicles are sequestered from the cytoplasm.	32
Multivesicular body sorting pathway	A vesicle-mediated transport process in which transmembrane proteins are ubiquitylated to facilitate their entry into luminal vesicles of multivesicular bodies (MVBs); upon subsequent fusion of MVBs with lysosomes or vacuoles, the cargo proteins are degraded.	48
Muscle adaptation	A process in which muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.	112
Muscle atrophy	A process, occurring in the muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.	10
Muscle cell apoptotic process	A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death. A muscle cell is a mature contractile cell, commonly known as a myocyte, that forms one of three kinds of muscle.	83
Muscle cell cellular homeostasis	The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a muscle cell in a stable functional or structural state.	24
Muscle cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Muscle cell development does not include the steps involved in committing an unspecified cell to the muscle cell fate.	191
Muscle cell fate commitment	The process in which the cellular identity of muscle cells is acquired and determined.	19
Muscle cell migration	The orderly movement of a muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.	99
Muscle cell proliferation	The expansion of a muscle cell population by cell division.	233
Muscle hypertrophy	The muscle system process that results in enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells. Physiological hypertrophy is a normal process during development (it stops in cardiac muscle after adolescence) and can also be brought on in response to demand. In athletes cardiac and skeletal muscles undergo hypertrophy stimulated by increasing muscle activity on exercise. Smooth muscle cells in the uterus undergo hypertrophy during pregnancy.	96
Muscle hypertrophy in response to stress	The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of a muscle organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of its muscle cells as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis.	28
Muscle organ morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of muscle are generated and organized.	79
Muscular septum morphogenesis	The process in which the muscular septum is generated and organized. The muscular septum is the lower part of the ventricular septum.	5
MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway	A toll-like receptor signaling pathway in which the MyD88 adaptor molecule mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.	20
MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway	A toll-like receptor signaling pathway not relying on the MyD88 adaptor molecule. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate innate an immune response.	16
Mycotoxin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mycotoxin, any poisonous substance produced by a fungus.	6
Myelin assembly	The process in which the wraps of cell membrane that constitute myelin are laid down around an axon in the central or peripheral nervous system.	23
Myelin maintenance	The process of preserving the structure and function of mature myelin. This includes maintaining the compact structure of myelin necessary for its electrical insulating characteristics as well as the structure of non-compact regions such as Schmidt-Lantermann clefts and paranodal loops. This does not include processes responsible for maintaining the nodes of Ranvier, which are not part of the myelin sheath.	17
Myeloid cell activation involved in immune response	A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid cell resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	99
Myeloid cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a myeloid cell, a cell of the monocyte, granulocyte, mast cell, megakaryocyte, or erythroid lineage.	39
Myeloid cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a myeloid cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	85
Myeloid cell homeostasis	The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of myeloid cells such that the total number of myeloid cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.	174
Myeloid dendritic cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a dendritic cell resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	29
Myeloid dendritic cell chemotaxis	The movement of a myeloid dendritic cell in response to an external stimulus.	5
Myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid dendritic cell.	7
Myeloid dendritic cell differentiation	The process in which a monocyte acquires the specialized features of a dendritic cell, an immunocompetent cell of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin.	20
Myeloid leukocyte activation	A change in the morphology or behavior of a myeloid leukocyte resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.	241
Myeloid leukocyte cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a myeloid cell.	50
Myeloid leukocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of any cell of the myeloid leukocyte lineage.	234
Myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a myeloid leukocyte.	111
Myeloid leukocyte migration	The movement of a myeloid leukocyte within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	238
Myeloid progenitor cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a myeloid progenitor cell. Myeloid progenitor cells include progenitor cells for any of the myeloid lineages.	9
Myoblast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into striated muscle fibers.	110
Myoblast fate commitment	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a myoblast. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	6
Myoblast fusion	A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	49
Myoblast fusion involved in skeletal muscle regeneration	A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts, after migrating to the site of injury, fuse into existing damaged fibers or fuse to myotubes to form new fibers, as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	5
Myoblast migration	The orderly movement of a myoblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism. A myoblast is a cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	13
Myoblast proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of myoblasts, resulting in the expansion of a myoblast cell population. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	32
Myofibroblast differentiation	The process in which an undifferentiated cell acquires the features of a myofibroblast cell.	15
Myosin filament organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a filament composed of myosin molecules.	6
Myotube cell development	The process aimed at the progression of a myotube cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.	42
Myotube differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.	131
Myotube differentiation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotube differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual myotubes can fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract. This process occurs as part of the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.	9
N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.	18
N-acetylneuraminate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.	7
N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.	12
N-acylethanolamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylethanolamines. An N-acylethanolamine is an ethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.	5
N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines. An N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine is a phosphatidylethanolamine substituted at nitrogen by an acyl group.	9
N-glycan processing	The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.	17
N-terminal peptidyl-methionine acetylation	The acetylation of the N-terminal methionine of proteins to form the derivative N-acetyl-L-methionine.	6
N-terminal protein amino acid acetylation	The acetylation of the N-terminal amino acid of proteins.	16
N-terminal protein amino acid modification	The alteration of the N-terminal amino acid residue in a protein.	27
N-terminal protein lipidation	The covalent attachment of a lipid group to the amino terminus of a protein.	6
NAD biosynthesis via nicotinamide riboside salvage pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from the vitamin precursor nicotinamide riboside.	10
NAD metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.	42
NAD transmembrane transport	The process in which a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is transported across a membrane; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.	5
NAD transport	The directed movement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore; transport may be of either the oxidized form, NAD, or the reduced form, NADH.	6
NADH dehydrogenase complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an NADH dehydrogenase complex.	59
NADH metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.	11
NADH oxidation	A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD+.	6
NADP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.	44
NADPH oxidation	A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADPH, to the oxidized form, NADP.	5
NADPH regeneration	A metabolic process that generates a pool of NADPH by the reduction of NADP+.	23
NK T cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature natural killer T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific.	13
NK T cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a NK T cell.	11
NK T cell proliferation	The expansion of a NK T cell population by cell division.	9
NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus	The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.	20
Nail development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nail over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the outer end of a finger or toe, and consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix and the nail bed below it, and the grooves surrounding it.	11
Natural killer cell activation	The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell in response to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor.	100
Natural killer cell activation involved in immune response	The change in morphology and behavior of a natural killer cell resulting from exposure a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	35
Natural killer cell chemotaxis	The directed movement of a natural killer cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).	10
Natural killer cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a natural killer cell.	9
Natural killer cell degranulation	The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as perforin and granzymes by a natural killer cell.	12
Natural killer cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a natural killer cell.	25
Natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	An immune response mediated by a natural killer cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.	11
Natural killer cell mediated immunity	The promotion of an immune response by natural killer cells through direct recognition of target cells or through the release of cytokines.	80
Natural killer cell proliferation	The expansion of a natural killer cell population by cell division.	15
Necroptotic process	A programmed necrotic cell death process which begins when a cell receives a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a death receptor or to a Toll-like receptor), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathways), characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3) and by critical dependence on mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), and which typically lead to common morphological features of necrotic cell death. The process ends when the cell has died. The process is divided into a signaling phase, and an execution phase, which is triggered by the former.	46
Necroptotic signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals which triggers the necroptotic death of a cell. The pathway starts with reception of a signal, is characterized by activation of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and/or 3 (RIPK1/3, also called RIP1/3), and ends when the execution phase of necroptosis is triggered.	8
Negative T cell selection	The process of elimination of immature T cells which react strongly with self-antigens.	13
Negative adaptation of signaling pathway	The negative regulation of a signal transduction pathway in response to a stimulus upon prolonged exposure to that stimulus.	21
Negative chemotaxis	The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a lower concentration of a chemical.	47
Negative regulation by host of viral genome replication	A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.	12
Negative regulation by host of viral process	A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.	17
Negative regulation by host of viral transcription	Any process in which a host organism stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.	14
Negative regulation of ATP biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.	4
Negative regulation of ATP metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.	6
Negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.	17
Negative regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.	7
Negative regulation of B cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.	33
Negative regulation of B cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.	16
Negative regulation of B cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.	6
Negative regulation of B cell mediated immunity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.	16
Negative regulation of B cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.	17
Negative regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.	7
Negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the BMP signaling pathway.	66
Negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.	35
Negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	23
Negative regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.	12
Negative regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.	8
Negative regulation of CREB transcription factor activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor CREB.	5
Negative regulation of DNA binding	Any process that stops or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).	35
Negative regulation of DNA biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.	38
Negative regulation of DNA catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.	4
Negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.	15
Negative regulation of DNA metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.	145
Negative regulation of DNA recombination	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.	50
Negative regulation of DNA repair	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.	38
Negative regulation of DNA replication	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.	25
Negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.	165
Negative regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent DNA replication.	9
Negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.	7
Negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.	22
Negative regulation of ERAD pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.	6
Negative regulation of ERBB signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.	31
Negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.	73
Negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.	54
Negative regulation of G0 to G1 transition	A cell cycle process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.	7
Negative regulation of GTPase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of GTP hydrolysis by a GTPase.	23
Negative regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.	5
Negative regulation of JNK cascade	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.	36
Negative regulation of JUN kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.	13
Negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.	49
Negative regulation of MAPK cascade	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the MAPKKK cascade.	168
Negative regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.	6
Negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.	86
Negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.	39
Negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.	6
Negative regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.	8
Negative regulation of RNA catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA catabolic process.	86
Negative regulation of RNA splicing	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.	27
Negative regulation of Rho protein signal transduction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.	21
Negative regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the SMAD protein signaling pathway.	21
Negative regulation of Schwann cell proliferation	Any process that decreases the frequency or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.	8
Negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.	25
Negative regulation of T cell cytokine production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.	11
Negative regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.	10
Negative regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.	10
Negative regulation of T cell mediated immunity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.	29
Negative regulation of T cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.	6
Negative regulation of T cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.	72
Negative regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.	25
Negative regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.	8
Negative regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.	13
Negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.	5
Negative regulation of T-helper cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.	19
Negative regulation of TOR signaling	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.	70
Negative regulation of TORC1 signaling	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.	44
Negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway.	170
Negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.	7
Negative regulation of actin filament bundle assembly	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.	35
Negative regulation of actin filament depolymerization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.	44
Negative regulation of actin filament polymerization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.	64
Negative regulation of actin nucleation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.	9
Negative regulation of action potential	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.	6
Negative regulation of activated T cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.	15
Negative regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.	16
Negative regulation of acute inflammatory response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.	13
Negative regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.	6
Negative regulation of adaptive immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.	64
Negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.	10
Negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor protein signaling pathway activity. An adrenergic receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an adrenergic receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	5
Negative regulation of adipose tissue development	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.	5
Negative regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.	19
Negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.	47
Negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	28
Negative regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.	16
Negative regulation of amine metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.	6
Negative regulation of amine transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	28
Negative regulation of amino acid transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	16
Negative regulation of amyloid fibril formation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.	13
Negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor of amyloid-beta.	16
Negative regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.	28
Negative regulation of amyloid-beta clearance	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.	9
Negative regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.	14
Negative regulation of anoikis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.	18
Negative regulation of antigen processing and presentation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.	9
Negative regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.	32
Negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in development	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.	6
Negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.	237
Negative regulation of astrocyte activation	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.	5
Negative regulation of astrocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.	16
Negative regulation of autophagosome assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.	13
Negative regulation of autophagosome maturation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.	5
Negative regulation of autophagy	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.	91
Negative regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.	7
Negative regulation of axon extension	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon outgrowth.	46
Negative regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.	28
Negative regulation of axonogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.	66
Negative regulation of behavior	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.	13
Negative regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.	5
Negative regulation of binding	Any process that stops or reduces the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.	122
Negative regulation of biomineral tissue development	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.	29
Negative regulation of blood circulation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.	25
Negative regulation of blood pressure	Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is decreased.	47
Negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.	67
Negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.	21
Negative regulation of bone mineralization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.	20
Negative regulation of bone remodeling	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling.	18
Negative regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of brown fat cell differentiation.	5
Negative regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.	8
Negative regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling	Any process which stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.	11
Negative regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.	5
Negative regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.	15
Negative regulation of calcium ion import	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.	9
Negative regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.	8
Negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.	49
Negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage-gated calcium channel.	5
Negative regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	32
Negative regulation of calcium ion transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	66
Negative regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.	8
Negative regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.	20
Negative regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.	50
Negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.	136
Negative regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.	55
Negative regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation	Any process that decreases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.	7
Negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.	11
Negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.	16
Negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.	7
Negative regulation of cardiac muscle tissue growth	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle growth.	28
Negative regulation of cardiocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.	14
Negative regulation of cartilage development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.	31
Negative regulation of catecholamine secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.	13
Negative regulation of cation channel activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.	46
Negative regulation of cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell activation.	223
Negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.	12
Negative regulation of cell adhesion molecule production	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.	12
Negative regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.	3
Negative regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition	Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.	85
Negative regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Any signaling pathway that decreases or inhibits the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.	67
Negative regulation of cell cycle checkpoint	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.	6
Negative regulation of cell development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the progression of the cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a specific fate.	283
Negative regulation of cell division	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.	16
Negative regulation of cell fate commitment	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.	11
Negative regulation of cell growth	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.	188
Negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.	13
Negative regulation of cell junction assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.	31
Negative regulation of cell killing	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.	29
Negative regulation of cell maturation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.	8
Negative regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.	36
Negative regulation of cell projection organization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cell projections.	190
Negative regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.	6
Negative regulation of cell size	Any process that reduces cell size.	9
Negative regulation of cell volume	Any process that decreases cell volume.	5
Negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to another cell.	204
Negative regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.	10
Negative regulation of cell-matrix adhesion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix.	36
Negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.	61
Negative regulation of cell-substrate junction organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.	16
Negative regulation of cellular catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of substances, carried out by individual cells.	207
Negative regulation of cellular extravasation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.	8
Negative regulation of cellular respiration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.	10
Negative regulation of cellular response to growth factor stimulus	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth factor stimulus.	120
Negative regulation of cellular response to hypoxia	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.	11
Negative regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.	42
Negative regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.	7
Negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.	4
Negative regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.	18
Negative regulation of cellular senescence	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.	24
Negative regulation of centriole replication	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.	7
Negative regulation of centrosome duplication	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of centrosome duplication. Centrosome duplication is the replication of a centrosome, a structure comprised of a pair of centrioles and peri-centriolar material from which a microtubule spindle apparatus is organized.	12
Negative regulation of ceramide biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a ceramide biosynthetic process.	5
Negative regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.	5
Negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.	5
Negative regulation of chemokine production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.	26
Negative regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.	7
Negative regulation of chemotaxis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.	66
Negative regulation of cholesterol efflux	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.	19
Negative regulation of cholesterol metabolic process	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	11
Negative regulation of cholesterol storage	Any process that decreases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	10
Negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.	24
Negative regulation of chondrocyte proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.	5
Negative regulation of chromatin organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.	6
Negative regulation of chromosome organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.	94
Negative regulation of chromosome segregation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.	50
Negative regulation of chronic inflammatory response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.	5
Negative regulation of cilium assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.	19
Negative regulation of circadian rhythm	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.	12
Negative regulation of coagulation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.	51
Negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of cold-induced thermogenesis.	46
Negative regulation of collagen metabolic process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.	9
Negative regulation of collateral sprouting	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.	11
Negative regulation of complement activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.	13
Negative regulation of cyclase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a cyclase.	15
Negative regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity.	22
Negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.	63
Negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in the apoptotic process.	50
Negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.	5
Negative regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production contributing to an immune response.	35
Negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.	39
Negative regulation of cytokinesis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.	7
Negative regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the series of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.	38
Negative regulation of cytoplasmic translation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.	9
Negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.	159
Negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.	13
Negative regulation of defense response to bacterium	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.	5
Negative regulation of defense response to virus	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of antiviral mechanisms, thereby facilitating viral replication.	53
Negative regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.	10
Negative regulation of dendrite development	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.	8
Negative regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.	8
Negative regulation of dendritic cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell apoptotic process.	9
Negative regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.	6
Negative regulation of dendritic spine development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	13
Negative regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.	6
Negative regulation of dephosphorylation	Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.	34
Negative regulation of developmental growth	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of developmental growth.	115
Negative regulation of digestive system process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	14
Negative regulation of dopamine secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.	5
Negative regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.	23
Negative regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.	7
Negative regulation of endocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.	75
Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration	Any process that decreases the concentration of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum.	8
Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eIF2 alpha phosphorylation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced eiF2alpha phosphorylation.	5
Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	20
Negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.	15
Negative regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.	38
Negative regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.	6
Negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.	11
Negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.	67
Negative regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	26
Negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.	13
Negative regulation of epidermis development	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.	14
Negative regulation of epinephrine secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.	5
Negative regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.	66
Negative regulation of epithelial cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.	53
Negative regulation of epithelial cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.	103
Negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.	162
Negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in prostate gland development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of epithelial cell proliferation that contributes to the progression of the prostate gland over time.	6
Negative regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	41
Negative regulation of erythrocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.	8
Negative regulation of establishment of protein localization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization.	129
Negative regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.	7
Negative regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Any process that prevents the establishment or decreases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.	11
Negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.	9
Negative regulation of exocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.	36
Negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.	4
Negative regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.	5
Negative regulation of extracellular matrix organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.	14
Negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	99
Negative regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.	31
Negative regulation of fat cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.	58
Negative regulation of fat cell proliferation	Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.	5
Negative regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.	6
Negative regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.	26
Negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.	42
Negative regulation of fatty acid oxidation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.	14
Negative regulation of fatty acid transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.	7
Negative regulation of feeding behavior	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.	6
Negative regulation of fibrinolysis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.	13
Negative regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.	7
Negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor production	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the appearance of a fibroblast growth factor due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	4
Negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	23
Negative regulation of fibroblast migration	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.	10
Negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.	35
Negative regulation of filopodium assembly	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.	5
Negative regulation of gene expression via chromosomal CpG island methylation	An epigenetic gene regulation mechanism that negatively regulates gene expression by methylation of cytosine residues in chromosomal CpG islands. CpG islands are genomic regions that contain a high frequency of the CG dinucleotide associated with the transcription start site of genes.	7
Negative regulation of gene expression, epigenetic	An epigenetic process that silences gene expression at specific genomic regions through chromatin remodeling either by modifying higher order chromatin fiber structure, nucleosomal histones, or the cytosine DNA methylation.	120
Negative regulation of glial cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.	28
Negative regulation of glial cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.	6
Negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Any process that stops or decreases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.	16
Negative regulation of gliogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.	44
Negative regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.	5
Negative regulation of gluconeogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.	19
Negative regulation of glucose import	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.	15
Negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	20
Negative regulation of glutamate secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.	6
Negative regulation of glycogen metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.	9
Negative regulation of glycolytic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.	18
Negative regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.	24
Negative regulation of gonadotropin secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.	7
Negative regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.	4
Negative regulation of granulocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.	8
Negative regulation of growth	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.	246
Negative regulation of hair follicle development	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.	5
Negative regulation of heart rate	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency or rate of heart contraction.	12
Negative regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.	14
Negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.	5
Negative regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.	5
Negative regulation of hemopoiesis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.	118
Negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.	7
Negative regulation of hippo signaling	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.	13
Negative regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.	12
Negative regulation of hormone biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.	10
Negative regulation of hormone metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.	12
Negative regulation of hormone secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.	67
Negative regulation of humoral immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.	17
Negative regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.	11
Negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.	6
Negative regulation of hydrolase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of hydrolase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of various bonds.	210
Negative regulation of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of hypoxia-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	6
Negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.	5
Negative regulation of immune effector process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.	125
Negative regulation of immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the immune response, the immunological reaction of an organism to an immunogenic stimulus.	202
Negative regulation of immunoglobulin production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.	13
Negative regulation of inclusion body assembly	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.	12
Negative regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway.	16
Negative regulation of inflammatory response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.	191
Negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.	30
Negative regulation of inflammatory response to wounding	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.	9
Negative regulation of innate immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the innate immune response.	91
Negative regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.	9
Negative regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.	8
Negative regulation of interferon-alpha production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.	6
Negative regulation of interferon-beta production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.	15
Negative regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.	4
Negative regulation of interleukin-1 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.	51
Negative regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.	7
Negative regulation of interleukin-10 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.	23
Negative regulation of interleukin-12 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.	19
Negative regulation of interleukin-13 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.	7
Negative regulation of interleukin-17 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.	21
Negative regulation of interleukin-18 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.	4
Negative regulation of interleukin-2 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.	28
Negative regulation of interleukin-21 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-21 production.	4
Negative regulation of interleukin-4 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.	8
Negative regulation of interleukin-5 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.	8
Negative regulation of interleukin-6 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.	62
Negative regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.	9
Negative regulation of interleukin-8 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.	35
Negative regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.	15
Negative regulation of intracellular protein transport	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.	43
Negative regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.	35
Negative regulation of intracellular transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.	59
Negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	108
Negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.	23
Negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.	30
Negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.	5
Negative regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of an ion transporter.	70
Negative regulation of isotype switching	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.	5
Negative regulation of keratinocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.	9
Negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	24
Negative regulation of kidney development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	5
Negative regulation of kinase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a substrate molecule.	185
Negative regulation of lamellipodium assembly	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.	5
Negative regulation of lamellipodium organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.	7
Negative regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.	6
Negative regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.	12
Negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.	58
Negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.	151
Negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.	22
Negative regulation of leukocyte degranulation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of leukocyte degranulation.	13
Negative regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.	69
Negative regulation of leukocyte migration	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.	52
Negative regulation of leukocyte proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.	96
Negative regulation of lipase activity	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.	17
Negative regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.	68
Negative regulation of lipid catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.	27
Negative regulation of lipid localization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.	60
Negative regulation of lipid metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.	111
Negative regulation of lipid storage	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.	21
Negative regulation of lipid transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	43
Negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.	14
Negative regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.	8
Negative regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.	5
Negative regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	18
Negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.	13
Negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	13
Negative regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.	9
Negative regulation of lyase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.	18
Negative regulation of lymphocyte activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte activation.	169
Negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.	39
Negative regulation of lymphocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.	60
Negative regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.	58
Negative regulation of lymphocyte migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.	15
Negative regulation of mRNA metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.	98
Negative regulation of mRNA processing	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.	24
Negative regulation of macroautophagy	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.	32
Negative regulation of macrophage activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage activation.	19
Negative regulation of macrophage apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.	6
Negative regulation of macrophage chemotaxis	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.	7
Negative regulation of macrophage cytokine production	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	12
Negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.	13
Negative regulation of macrophage differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.	8
Negative regulation of macrophage migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.	13
Negative regulation of mast cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.	13
Negative regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.	9
Negative regulation of mast cell degranulation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of mast cell degranulation.	6
Negative regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.	3
Negative regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.	19
Negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.	17
Negative regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.	5
Negative regulation of meiotic nuclear division	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.	9
Negative regulation of membrane depolarization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.	7
Negative regulation of membrane permeability	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.	20
Negative regulation of membrane potential	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.	12
Negative regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis.	8
Negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process.	11
Negative regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.	7
Negative regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.	6
Negative regulation of metallopeptidase activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.	10
Negative regulation of miRNA metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.	26
Negative regulation of miRNA processing	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.	10
Negative regulation of microglial cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.	8
Negative regulation of microtubule polymerization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.	13
Negative regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.	38
Negative regulation of mitochondrial fusion	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.	8
Negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.	14
Negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.	237
Negative regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.	186
Negative regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of anion transport.	5
Negative regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.	97
Negative regulation of monoatomic ion transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	127
Negative regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.	6
Negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.	7
Negative regulation of monocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.	8
Negative regulation of mononuclear cell migration	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	24
Negative regulation of monooxygenase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a monooxygenase.	14
Negative regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.	9
Negative regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.	11
Negative regulation of multicellular organism growth	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.	12
Negative regulation of muscle adaptation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle adaptation.	9
Negative regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.	43
Negative regulation of muscle cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.	71
Negative regulation of muscle contraction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.	23
Negative regulation of muscle hypertrophy	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of muscle hypertrophy.	35
Negative regulation of muscle organ development	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.	9
Negative regulation of muscle tissue development	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.	13
Negative regulation of myelination	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.	9
Negative regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a myeloid cell apoptotic process.	19
Negative regulation of myeloid cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.	93
Negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.	53
Negative regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.	11
Negative regulation of myoblast differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	25
Negative regulation of myoblast proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.	7
Negative regulation of myofibroblast differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.	7
Negative regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.	5
Negative regulation of myotube differentiation	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.	18
Negative regulation of natural killer cell activation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.	10
Negative regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.	21
Negative regulation of nervous system development	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.	153
Negative regulation of nervous system process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.	16
Negative regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.	24
Negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.	10
Negative regulation of neuroinflammatory response	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.	17
Negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.	160
Negative regulation of neuron differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.	73
Negative regulation of neuron migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.	11
Negative regulation of neuron projection development	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).	140
Negative regulation of neuron projection regeneration	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.	14
Negative regulation of neurotransmitter secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.	6
Negative regulation of neurotransmitter transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	9
Negative regulation of neutrophil activation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.	6
Negative regulation of neutrophil migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.	5
Negative regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.	15
Negative regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.	9
Negative regulation of nodal signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.	5
Negative regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.	40
Negative regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.	6
Negative regulation of norepinephrine secretion	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.	5
Negative regulation of nuclear division	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.	63
Negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.	12
Negative regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.	8
Negative regulation of nuclease activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.	7
Negative regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.	23
Negative regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.	5
Negative regulation of nucleotide metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.	10
Negative regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.	14
Negative regulation of organ growth	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.	37
Negative regulation of organelle assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.	45
Negative regulation of organic acid transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	24
Negative regulation of ossification	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.	39
Negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.	58
Negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.	14
Negative regulation of osteoclast development	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.	5
Negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.	33
Negative regulation of oxidative phosphorylation	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.	8
Negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	29
Negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of oxidative stress-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	12
Negative regulation of oxidoreductase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.	27
Negative regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.	7
Negative regulation of peptidase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.	130
Negative regulation of peptide secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.	46
Negative regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.	8
Negative regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.	6
Negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.	30
Negative regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.	18
Negative regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.	48
Negative regulation of phagocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.	21
Negative regulation of phosphatase activity	Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.	24
Negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.	60
Negative regulation of phospholipase activity	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.	8
Negative regulation of phospholipid metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.	7
Negative regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.	20
Negative regulation of photoreceptor cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of photoreceptor cell differentiation. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.	6
Negative regulation of pinocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.	5
Negative regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.	37
Negative regulation of plasminogen activation	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.	8
Negative regulation of platelet activation	Any process that decreases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.	17
Negative regulation of platelet aggregation	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.	10
Negative regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.	12
Negative regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.	13
Negative regulation of post-translational protein modification	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.	96
Negative regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.	28
Negative regulation of potassium ion transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	35
Negative regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.	47
Negative regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.	20
Negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.	5
Negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.	52
Negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.	39
Negative regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.	5
Negative regulation of protein acetylation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.	11
Negative regulation of protein autophosphorylation	Any process that stops, prevents or decreases the rate of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.	11
Negative regulation of protein binding	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.	78
Negative regulation of protein catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process.	112
Negative regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.	5
Negative regulation of protein dephosphorylation	Any process the stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.	28
Negative regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.	10
Negative regulation of protein export from nucleus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	6
Negative regulation of protein import into nucleus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.	15
Negative regulation of protein kinase activity by regulation of protein phosphorylation	The stopping, prevention, or reduction in frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity as a result of regulating the phosphorylation status of that protein kinase.	6
Negative regulation of protein localization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein localization.	214
Negative regulation of protein localization to cell periphery	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.	30
Negative regulation of protein localization to cell surface	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.	12
Negative regulation of protein localization to chromatin	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.	7
Negative regulation of protein localization to membrane	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.	37
Negative regulation of protein localization to microtubule	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to microtubule.	5
Negative regulation of protein localization to nucleus	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.	38
Negative regulation of protein maturation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.	30
Negative regulation of protein polymerization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.	78
Negative regulation of protein polyubiquitination	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.	8
Negative regulation of protein secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.	70
Negative regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.	92
Negative regulation of protein sumoylation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.	11
Negative regulation of protein targeting to membrane	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.	6
Negative regulation of protein targeting to mitochondrion	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting to mitochondrion.	5
Negative regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.	24
Negative regulation of protein ubiquitination	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.	77
Negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.	144
Negative regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.	80
Negative regulation of proteolysis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein.	228
Negative regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.	68
Negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.	19
Negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.	48
Negative regulation of receptor binding	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.	12
Negative regulation of receptor internalization	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.	17
Negative regulation of receptor recycling	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of receptor recycling.	5
Negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT.	23
Negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.	32
Negative regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.	37
Negative regulation of regulated secretory pathway	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.	25
Negative regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the rate of differentiation of regulatory T cells.	7
Negative regulation of relaxation of muscle	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.	7
Negative regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.	20
Negative regulation of reproductive process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.	76
Negative regulation of respiratory burst	Any process that decreases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	6
Negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	5
Negative regulation of response to biotic stimulus	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to biotic stimulus.	151
Negative regulation of response to cytokine stimulus	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.	92
Negative regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.	44
Negative regulation of response to food	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.	10
Negative regulation of response to oxidative stress	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.	10
Negative regulation of response to tumor cell	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.	5
Negative regulation of response to type II interferon	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.	7
Negative regulation of response to wounding	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.	96
Negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.	9
Negative regulation of ribosome biogenesis	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.	7
Negative regulation of ruffle assembly	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.	7
Negative regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity	Any process that decreases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.	12
Negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.	5
Negative regulation of secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a substance from a cell or a tissue.	168
Negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.	6
Negative regulation of serine-type endopeptidase activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type endopeptidase activity.	4
Negative regulation of serine-type peptidase activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.	5
Negative regulation of serotonin secretion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.	5
Negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.	33
Negative regulation of signal transduction in absence of ligand	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction in absence of ligand.	35
Negative regulation of signaling receptor activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity.	27
Negative regulation of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate.	16
Negative regulation of sister chromatid cohesion	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.	5
Negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.	5
Negative regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.	5
Negative regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.	55
Negative regulation of small molecule metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.	114
Negative regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.	12
Negative regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.	22
Negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.	31
Negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.	61
Negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.	13
Negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.	34
Negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning.	7
Negative regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.	13
Negative regulation of sodium ion transport	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	15
Negative regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.	5
Negative regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).	6
Negative regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.	22
Negative regulation of stem cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.	26
Negative regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.	26
Negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.	27
Negative regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.	6
Negative regulation of steroid metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.	34
Negative regulation of sterol transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	27
Negative regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.	47
Negative regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that decreases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.	28
Negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.	42
Negative regulation of striated muscle contraction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.	9
Negative regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.	14
Negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of fibril organization.	163
Negative regulation of synapse assembly	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.	8
Negative regulation of synapse organization	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synapse organization.	11
Negative regulation of synaptic transmission	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.	54
Negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	6
Negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.	8
Negative regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.	6
Negative regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.	5
Negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	The process that reduces the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.	21
Negative regulation of telomerase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of the enzyme telomerase, which catalyzes of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).	10
Negative regulation of telomere capping	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.	8
Negative regulation of telomere maintenance	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.	35
Negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of telomeric repeats by telomerase.	20
Negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.	27
Negative regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.	10
Negative regulation of tissue remodeling	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.	21
Negative regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.	7
Negative regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.	13
Negative regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.	18
Negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.	12
Negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-dependent transcription using a mechanism that involves direct competition for interaction with a promoter binding site.	11
Negative regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.	13
Negative regulation of transferase activity	Any process that stops or reduces the rate of transferase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a group, e.g. a methyl group, glycosyl group, acyl group, phosphorus-containing, or other groups, from a donor compound to an acceptor.	218
Negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.	12
Negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of any TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway.	105
Negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.	6
Negative regulation of translational elongation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational elongation.	5
Negative regulation of translational initiation	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.	22
Negative regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.	169
Negative regulation of transmembrane transport	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.	138
Negative regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.	6
Negative regulation of transporter activity	Any process that stops or reduces the activity of a transporter.	92
Negative regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	5
Negative regulation of triglyceride catabolic process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.	5
Negative regulation of triglyceride metabolic process	Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	14
Negative regulation of trophoblast cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.	8
Negative regulation of tubulin deacetylation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tubulin deacetylation.	6
Negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.	78
Negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.	26
Negative regulation of type 2 immune response	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.	15
Negative regulation of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process.	6
Negative regulation of type I interferon production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.	45
Negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.	22
Negative regulation of type II interferon production	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.	43
Negative regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.	11
Negative regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.	9
Negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.	53
Negative regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.	15
Negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.	6
Negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.	13
Negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.	19
Negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.	34
Negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.	19
Negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor production.	19
Negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	12
Negative regulation of vascular permeability	Any process that reduces the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.	18
Negative regulation of vascular wound healing	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.	7
Negative regulation of vasculature development	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.	134
Negative regulation of vasoconstriction	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.	8
Negative regulation of viral entry into host cell	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the entry of viral entry into a host cell.	23
Negative regulation of viral genome replication	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.	55
Negative regulation of viral life cycle	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.	28
Negative regulation of viral process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.	93
Negative regulation of viral transcription	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription.	15
Negative regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).	5
Negative regulation of vitamin metabolic process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.	7
Negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.	15
Negative regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity	Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.	17
Negative regulation of wound healing	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.	74
Nephric duct development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nephric duct over time, from its initial formation to a mature structure. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.	15
Nephric duct formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephric duct. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.	5
Nephric duct morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephric duct are generated and organized. A nephric duct is a tube that drains a primitive kidney.	11
Nephron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.	157
Nephron epithelium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nephron epithelium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The nephron epithelium is a tissue that covers the surface of a nephron.	120
Nephron morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the nephron are generated and organized. A nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.	81
Nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells of the nephron tubule as it progresses from its formation to the mature state.	14
Nephron tubule formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of a nephron tubule from unspecified parts. A nephron tubule is an epithelial tube that is part of the nephron, the functional part of the kidney.	20
Nerve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	97
Nerve growth factor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by nerve growth factor (NGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	13
Nervous system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	The regulation of blood pressure mediated by detection of stimuli and a neurological response.	14
Netrin-activated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a netrin protein to its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Netrins can act as chemoattractant signals for some cells and chemorepellent signals for others. Netrins also have roles outside of cell and axon guidance.	9
Neural crest cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neural crest cell.	96
Neural crest cell fate commitment	The process in which a cell becomes committed to become a neural crest cell.	6
Neural crest cell migration involved in autonomic nervous system development	Any neural crest cell migration that is involved in autonomic nervous system development.	6
Neural crest formation	The formation of the specialized region of ectoderm between the neural ectoderm (neural plate) and non-neural ectoderm. The neural crest gives rise to the neural crest cells that migrate away from this region as neural tube formation proceeds.	15
Neural fold formation	The process in which the neural fold is formed. The edges of the neural plate thicken and move up to form a U-shaped structure called the neural groove.	7
Neural nucleus development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neural nucleus from its initial condition to its mature state. A neural nucleus is an anatomical structure consisting of a discrete aggregate of neuronal soma.	66
Neural plate anterior/posterior regionalization	The process that regulates the coordinated growth and differentiation that establishes the non-random anterior-posterior spatial arrangement of the neural plate.	5
Neural plate development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural plate over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neural plate is a flat, thickened layer of ectodermal cells. The underlying dorsal mesoderm signals the ectodermal cells above it to elongate into columnar neural plate cells. The neural plate subsequently develops into the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.	9
Neural plate morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the neural plate are generated and organized. The neural plate is a specialized region of columnar epithelial cells in the dorsal ectoderm that will give rise to nervous system tissue.	5
Neural plate pattern specification	The developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the neural plate to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.	8
Neural plate regionalization	The pattern specification process that results in the subdivision of an axis or axes of the neural plate in space to define an area or volume in which specific patterns of cell differentiation will take place or in which cells interpret a specific environment.	6
Neural precursor cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of neural precursor cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A neural precursor cell is either a nervous system stem cell or a nervous system progenitor cell.	166
Neural retina development	The progression of the neural retina over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. The neural retina is the part of the retina that contains neurons and photoreceptor cells.	80
Neural tube development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the neural tube over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mature structure of the neural tube exists when the tube has been segmented into the forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord regions. In addition neural crest has budded away from the epithelium.	162
Neural tube formation	The formation of a tube from the flat layer of ectodermal cells known as the neural plate. This will give rise to the central nervous system.	104
Neural tube patterning	The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth that establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the neural tube.	40
Neuroblast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuroblast. There are at least four stages through which the pluripotent cells of epiblast or blastula become neuroblasts.	8
Neuroblast division	The process resulting in the physical partitioning and separation of a neuroblast into daughter cells. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.	14
Neuroblast migration	The orderly movement of a neuroblast from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.	6
Neuroblast proliferation	The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.	80
Neuroendocrine cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a neuroendocrine cell. A neuroendocrine cell is a cell that receives input form a neuron which controls the secretion of an endocrine substance.	16
Neuroepithelial cell differentiation	The process in which epiblast cells acquire specialized features of neuroepithelial cells.	38
Neurofilament cytoskeleton organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising neurofilaments and their associated proteins.	10
Neuroinflammatory response	The immediate defensive reaction by neural vertebrate tissue to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents.	80
Neuromuscular junction development	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.	52
Neuromuscular process	Any process pertaining to the functions of the nervous and muscular systems of an organism.	162
Neuromuscular process controlling balance	Any process that an organism uses to control its balance, the orientation of the organism (or the head of the organism) in relation to the source of gravity. In humans and animals, balance is perceived through visual cues, the labyrinth system of the inner ears and information from skin pressure receptors and muscle and joint receptors.	51
Neuromuscular process controlling posture	Any process in which an organism voluntarily modulates its posture, the alignment of its anatomical parts.	19
Neuromuscular synaptic transmission	The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to a muscle, across a synapse.	31
Neuron apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a neuron, the basic cellular unit of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system.	274
Neuron cell-cell adhesion	The attachment of a neuron to another cell via adhesion molecules.	16
Neuron cellular homeostasis	The cellular homeostatic process that preserves a neuron in a stable, differentiated functional and structural state.	63
Neuron fate commitment	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a neuron.	73
Neuron fate determination	The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.	10
Neuron fate specification	The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.	34
Neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stress	The series of molecular signals in which an intracellular signal is conveyed to trigger the apoptotic death of a neuron. The pathway is induced in response to oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, and ends when the execution phase of apoptosis is triggered.	20
Neuron maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a neuron to attain its fully functional state.	48
Neuron migration	The characteristic movement of an immature neuron from germinal zones to specific positions where they will reside as they mature.	177
Neuron projection arborization	The process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites.	32
Neuron projection extension	Long distance growth of a single neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.	179
Neuron projection extension involved in neuron projection guidance	Any neuron projection extension that is involved in neuron projection guidance.	38
Neuron projection maintenance	The organization process that preserves a neuron projection in a stable functional or structural state. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.	12
Neuron projection organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a prolongation or process extending from a neuron, e.g. an axon, or a dendrite.	90
Neuron projection regeneration	The regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites in response to their loss or damage.	58
Neuron recognition	The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets its surroundings.	45
Neuron remodeling	The developmentally regulated remodeling of neuronal projections such as pruning to eliminate the extra dendrites and axons projections set up in early stages of nervous system development.	15
Neuron-glial cell signaling	Cell-cell signaling that mediates the transfer of information from a neuron to a glial cell. This signaling has been shown to be mediated by various molecules released by different types of neurons, e.g. glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, acetylcholine, dopamine and adenosine.	5
Neuron-neuron synaptic transmission	The process of synaptic transmission from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse.	6
Neuronal action potential	An action potential that occurs in a neuron.	32
Neuronal action potential propagation	The propagation of an action potential along an axon, away from the soma.	9
Neuronal dense core vesicle exocytosis	The secretion of molecules (e.g. neuropeptides, insulin-related peptides or neuromodulators such as serotonin and dopamine) contained within a neuronal dense core vesicle by fusion of the granule with the plasma membrane of a neuron in response to increased cytosolic calcium levels.	7
Neuronal ion channel clustering	The process in which voltage-gated ion channels become localized to distinct subcellular domains in the neuron. Specific targeting, clustering, and maintenance of these channels in their respective domains are essential to achieve high conduction velocities of action potential propagation.	12
Neuronal signal transduction	The process in which an activated neuronal cell receptor conveys information down a signaling pathway, resulting in a change in the function or state of a cell. This process may be intracellular or intercellular.	7
Neuronal stem cell population maintenance	Any process in by an organism or tissue maintains a population of neuronal stem cells.	23
Neuropeptide signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	109
Neurotransmitter loading into synaptic vesicle	The active transport of neurotransmitters into a synaptic vesicle. This import is fuelled by an electrochemical gradient across the vesicle membrane, established by the action of proton pumps.	7
Neurotransmitter receptor internalization	A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor.	31
Neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane	A process in which a neurotransmitter is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the membrane adjacent to a postsynaptic specialization (e.g. postsynaptic density).	25
Neurotransmitter receptor transport	The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptors.	26
Neurotransmitter receptor transport to plasma membrane	The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles.	17
Neurotransmitter receptor transport, endosome to postsynaptic membrane	The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome to the postsynaptic membrane in transport vesicles.	11
Neurotransmitter receptor transport, postsynaptic endosome to lysosome	The directed movement of neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic endosome in tranpsort vesicles to the lysosome for degradation.	7
Neurotransmitter reuptake	The directed movement of neurotransmitter molecules from the extrasynaptic space into the presynaptic cytosol.	35
Neurotransmitter secretion	The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.	145
Neurotransmitter transport	The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.	208
Neurotransmitter uptake	The directed movement of neurotransmitters into neurons or glial cells. This process leads to inactivation and recycling of neurotransmitters.	45
Neurotransmitter-gated ion channel clustering	The receptor clustering process in which neurotransmitter-gated ion channels are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane.	17
Neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	25
Neurotrophin signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by neurotrophin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Neurotrophins are a family of secreted growth factors that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons.	39
Neutral amino acid transport	The directed movement of neutral amino acids, amino acids with no net charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	58
Neutral lipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.	50
Neutral lipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.	38
Neutral lipid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.	132
Neutrophil activation involved in immune response	The change in morphology and behavior of a neutrophil resulting from exposure to a cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or soluble factor, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	21
Neutrophil apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a neutrophil, any of the immature or mature forms of a granular leukocyte that in its mature form has a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.	8
Neutrophil chemotaxis	The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.	104
Neutrophil clearance	The selective elimination of senescent neutrophils from the body by autoregulatory mechanisms.	6
Neutrophil degranulation	The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as proteases, lipases, and inflammatory mediators by a neutrophil.	14
Neutrophil differentiation	The process in which a myeloid precursor cell acquires the specialized features of a neutrophil.	11
Neutrophil extravasation	The migration of a neutrophil from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.	14
Neutrophil homeostasis	The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of neutrophils such that the total number of neutrophils within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.	21
Neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity	The directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.	14
Neutrophil mediated immunity	Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a neutrophil.	37
Neutrophil migration	The movement of a neutrophil within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	126
Neutrophil-mediated killing of gram-negative bacterium	The directed killing of a gram-negative bacterium by a neutrophil.	6
Neutrophil-mediated killing of symbiont cell	The directed killing of a symbiont target cell by a neutrophil. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	12
Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production of nitric oxide, detection by receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and ends with the activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.	29
Nitric oxide transport	The directed movement of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric-oxide synthase, an enzyme which catalyzes the reaction L-arginine + n NADPH + n H+ + m O2 = citrulline + nitric oxide + n NADP+.	20
Nodal signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by nodal protein binding to an activin receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	21
Non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette characterized by the NIK-dependent processing and activation of NF-kappaB. Begins with activation of the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK), which in turn phosphorylates and activates IkappaB kinase alpha (IKKalpha). IKKalpha phosphorylates the NF-kappa B2 protein (p100) leading to p100 processing and release of an active NF-kappaB (p52). The non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling pathway is generally activated by ligands of the TNF receptor superfamily, including lymphotoxin beta (LTB), CD40, OX40, RANK, TWEAK and B cell-activating factor (BAFF).	146
Non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway	A type of Wnt signaling pathway in which Wnt binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell results in the by propagation of the molecular signals via effectors other than beta-catenin.	68
Non-lytic viral release	The exit of a viral particle from a host cell that does not involve cell lysis.	15
Non-motile cilium assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a non-motile cilium.	65
Nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process	The biosynthetic process in which peptide bond formation occurs in the absence of the translational machinery. Examples include the synthesis of antibiotic peptides, and glutathione.	18
Noradrenergic neuron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a noradrenergic neuron over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	5
Noradrenergic neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of an noradrenergic neuron, a neuron that secretes noradrenaline.	11
Norepinephrine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.	8
Norepinephrine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving norepinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla, and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts in the central nervous system. It is also the demethylated biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.	14
Norepinephrine transport	The directed movement of norepinephrine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.	22
Norepinephrine uptake	The directed movement of norepinephrine into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Norepinephrine (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-2-aminoethanol) is a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla and a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic peripheral nervous system and in some tracts of the CNS. It is also the biosynthetic precursor of epinephrine.	8
Nose development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the nose over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The nose is the specialized structure of the face that serves as the organ of the sense of smell and as part of the respiratory system. Includes the nasi externus (external nose) and cavitas nasi (nasal cavity).	16
Notch receptor processing	The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.	9
Notch signaling involved in heart development	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of an extracellular ligand to a Notch receptor on the surface of the target cell and contributing to the progression of the heart over time.	11
Notch signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	179
Notochord development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the notochord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.	19
Notochord morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the notochord are generated and organized. The notochord is a mesoderm-derived structure located ventral of the developing nerve cord. In vertebrates, the notochord serves as a core around which other mesodermal cells form the vertebrae. In the most primitive chordates, which lack vertebrae, the notochord persists as a substitute for a vertebral column.	8
Nuclear RNA surveillance	A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs within the nucleus.	14
Nuclear body organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of any of the extra-nucleolar nuclear domains usually visualized by confocal microscopy and fluorescent antibodies to specific proteins.	16
Nuclear envelope organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.	54
Nuclear export	The directed movement of substances out of the nucleus.	168
Nuclear mRNA surveillance	A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant mRNAs within the nucleus.	10
Nuclear membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear inner or outer membrane.	44
Nuclear membrane reassembly	The reformation of the nuclear membranes following their breakdown in the context of a normal process.	26
Nuclear migration	The directed movement of the nucleus to a specific location within a cell.	24
Nuclear migration along microtubule	The directed movement of the nucleus along microtubules within the cell, mediated by motor proteins.	5
Nuclear pore complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a nuclear pore complex.	11
Nuclear pore localization	Any process in which nuclear pores are transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	5
Nuclear pore organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.	15
Nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs in eukaryotic cells.	127
Nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay	A major pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of ordered steps that includes poly(A) tail shortening and that can regulate mRNA stability.	69
Nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-independent decay	A pathway of degradation of nuclear-transcribed mRNAs that proceeds through a series of steps that is independent of deadenylation, but requires decapping followed by transcript decay, and that can regulate mRNA stability.	7
Nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay	The nonsense-mediated decay pathway for nuclear-transcribed mRNAs degrades mRNAs in which an amino-acid codon has changed to a nonsense codon; this prevents the translation of such mRNAs into truncated, and potentially harmful, proteins.	41
Nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening	Shortening of the poly(A) tail of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.	34
Nucleobase biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.	19
Nucleobase catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid.	10
Nucleobase metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleobase, a nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleic acid, e.g. the purines: adenine, guanine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and the pyrimidines: cytosine, uracil, thymine.	41
Nucleobase transport	The directed movement of a nucleobase, any nitrogenous base that is a constituent of a nucleoside, nucleotide, or nucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	13
Nucleobase-containing compound transport	The directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	225
Nucleobase-containing small molecule biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.	17
Nucleobase-containing small molecule catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleobase-containing small molecule: a nucleobase, a nucleoside, or a nucleotide.	30
Nucleobase-containing small molecule interconversion	The chemical reactions and pathways by which a nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule is synthesized from another nucleobase, nucleoside or nucleotide small molecule.	8
Nucleolar chromatin organization	Any process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of the physical structure of nucleolar chromatin.	11
Nucleolar large rRNA transcription by RNA polymerase I	The synthesis of the large ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript which encodes several rRNAs, e.g. in mammals 28S, 18S and 5.8S, from a nuclear DNA template transcribed by RNA polymerase I.	21
Nucleolus organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.	18
Nucleophagy	A form of autophagy, by which damaged or non-essential parts of the nucleus, or even an entire nucleus is degraded.	19
Nucleoside bisphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.	58
Nucleoside bisphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.	12
Nucleoside bisphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside bisphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with one phosphate group attached to each of two different hydroxyl groups on the sugar.	124
Nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	13
Nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	12
Nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	37
Nucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (a ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleoside), e.g. adenosine, guanosine, inosine, cytidine, uridine and deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, deoxycytidine and thymidine (= deoxythymidine).	55
Nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	42
Nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	19
Nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	77
Nucleoside monophosphate phosphorylation	The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleoside monophosphate to produce a polyphosphorylated nucleoside.	11
Nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside phosphate.	291
Nucleoside phosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside phosphate.	87
Nucleoside salvage	Any process which produces a nucleotide, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose (a deoxyribonucleotide), from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.	10
Nucleoside transmembrane transport	The directed movement of nucleoside across a membrane.	8
Nucleoside transport	The directed movement of a nucleoside, a nucleobase linked to either beta-D-ribofuranose (ribonucleoside) or 2-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose, (a deoxyribonucleotide), into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
Nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	123
Nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	12
Nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	179
Nucleosome organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of one or more nucleosomes.	135
Nucleotide salvage	Any process which produces a nucleotide, a compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an oligophosphate at any hydroxyl group on the glycose moiety, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.	18
Nucleotide transmembrane transport	The directed movement of nucleotide across a membrane.	29
Nucleotide transport	The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.	45
Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor (NLR), and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. NLRs are cytoplasmic receptors defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains: a variable C-terminus, a middle nucleotide-binding domain, and a LRR domain that is variable in the repeats composition and number.	29
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 (NOD1) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.	8
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand (such as a bacterial peptidoglycan) to a cytoplasmic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) protein receptor, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process.	19
Nucleotide-excision repair	A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).	86
Nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling	Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.	6
Nucleotide-sugar biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.	19
Nucleotide-sugar metabolic process	The cellular chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotide-sugars, any nucleotide-carbohydrate in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.	37
Nucleotide-sugar transmembrane transport	The directed movement of nucleotide-sugars into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Nucleotide-sugars are any nucleotide in which the distal phosphoric residue of a nucleoside 5'-diphosphate is in glycosidic linkage with a monosaccharide or monosaccharide derivative.	12
Nucleus localization	Any process in which the nucleus is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	32
Nucleus organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.	147
O-glycan processing	The stepwise addition of carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative residues to the initially added O-linked residue (usually GalNAc) to form a core O-glycan structure.	43
Observational learning	Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.	7
Obsolete C-5 methylation of cytosine	OBSOLETE. The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.	5
Obsolete DNA methylation	OBSOLETE. The covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.	47
Obsolete DNA methylation on cytosine	OBSOLETE. The covalent transfer of a methyl group to C-5 or N-4 of cytosine in a DNA molecule.	6
Obsolete ER-associated misfolded protein catabolic process	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded proteins transported from the endoplasmic reticulum and targeted to cytoplasmic proteasomes for degradation.	12
Obsolete TNFSF11-mediated signaling pathway	OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11) to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	5
Obsolete Wnt signaling pathway involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation	OBSOLETE. Any Wnt signaling pathway that is involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.	12
Obsolete calcium-mediated signaling using intracellular calcium source	OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses calcium ions released from an intracellular store to convert a signal into a response.	22
Obsolete canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cardiac muscle cell fate commitment	OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes. In this pathway, the activated receptor signals via downstream effectors that result in the inhibition of beta-catenin phosphorylation, thereby preventing degradation of beta-catenin and contributing to cardiac muscle cell fate commitment. Stabilized beta-catenin can then accumulate and travel to the nucleus to trigger changes in transcription of target genes.	4
Obsolete canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in osteoblast differentiation	OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes involved in osteoblast differentiation.	6
Obsolete canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in regulation of cell proliferation	OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes that contributes to modulating the rate or frequency of cell proliferation.	6
Obsolete cellular response to extracellular stimulus	OBSOLETE. Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an extracellular stimulus.	277
Obsolete cyclic-nucleotide-mediated signaling	OBSOLETE. An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with production or release of the cyclic nucleotide, and ends with the activation of downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell.	81
Obsolete ethanol oxidation	OBSOLETE. An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.	9
Obsolete exonucleolytic catabolism of deadenylated mRNA	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 3'-poly(A) tail.	13
Obsolete histone H2A acetylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histone H2A by the addition of an acetyl group.	5
Obsolete histone H3 acetylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histone H3 by the addition of an acetyl group.	6
Obsolete histone H3-K4 methylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 4 of the histone.	20
Obsolete histone H3-K9 methylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histone H3 by addition of one or more methyl groups to lysine at position 9 of the histone.	6
Obsolete histone H4 acetylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group.	14
Obsolete histone H4-K16 acetylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histone H4 by the addition of an acetyl group to a lysine residue at position 16 of the histone.	8
Obsolete histone deacetylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histones by removal of acetyl groups.	23
Obsolete histone methylation	OBSOLETE. The modification of histones by addition of methyl groups.	38
Obsolete histone modification	OBSOLETE. The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a histone protein.	120
Obsolete histone ubiquitination	OBSOLETE. The modification of histones by addition of ubiquitin groups.	9
Obsolete late nucleophagy	OBSOLETE. A type of nucleophagy, distinct from piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus (PNM) where the nuclear material is delivered to the vacuole/lysosome for breakdown and recycling later than observed for PNM.	8
Obsolete leucine import across plasma membrane	OBSOLETE. The directed movement of leucine from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
Obsolete mRNA methylation	OBSOLETE. The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an mRNA molecule.	18
Obsolete mRNA polyadenylation	OBSOLETE. The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.	24
Obsolete mitochondrion morphogenesis	OBSOLETE. The process in which the anatomical structures of a mitochondrion are generated and organized.	21
Obsolete ncRNA catabolic process	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of non-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs). Includes the breakdown of cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs).	55
Obsolete ncRNA export from nucleus	OBSOLETE. The directed movement of a non-coding RNA transcript (ncRNA) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	9
Obsolete ncRNA transcription	OBSOLETE. The transcription of non (protein) coding RNA from a DNA template.	136
Obsolete negative regulation of mitochondrion organization	OBSOLETE. Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.	52
Obsolete negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress	OBSOLETE. Any process that decreases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).	8
Obsolete neurotransmitter biosynthetic process	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.	14
Obsolete neurotransmitter catabolic process	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.	10
Obsolete neurotransmitter metabolic process	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways involving neurotransmitters, any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell.	27
Obsolete non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway via JNK cascade	OBSOLETE. The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the signal is passed on via the JNK cascade.	6
Obsolete nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the transcript body of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA that occurs when the ends are not protected by the 5'-cap or the 3'-poly(A) tail.	17
Obsolete nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, exonucleolytic, 3'-5'	OBSOLETE. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the mRNA transcript body that occurs when the 3' end is not protected by a 3'-poly(A) tail; degradation proceeds in the 3' to 5' direction.	9
Obsolete nucleic acid phosphodiester bond hydrolysis	OBSOLETE. The nucleic acid metabolic process in which the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides are cleaved by hydrolysis.	25
Obsolete positive regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.	7
Obsolete positive regulation of cytoplasmic transport	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.	15
Obsolete positive regulation of histone acetylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.	10
Obsolete positive regulation of histone deacetylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.	5
Obsolete positive regulation of histone methylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.	16
Obsolete positive regulation of mitochondrion organization	OBSOLETE. Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.	74
Obsolete positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.	21
Obsolete positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of an endoplasmic reticulum stress.	11
Obsolete positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia	OBSOLETE. Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.	5
Obsolete positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress	OBSOLETE. Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).	18
Obsolete positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus	OBSOLETE. Any positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter that is involved in cellular response to chemical stimulus.	17
Obsolete post-embryonic animal organ development	OBSOLETE. Development, taking place during the post-embryonic phase of an animal tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Development pertains to the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a structure over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.	18
Obsolete post-embryonic animal organ morphogenesis	OBSOLETE. Morphogenesis, during the post-embryonic phase, of an animal tissue or tissues that work together to perform a specific function or functions. Morphogenesis pertains to process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.	11
Obsolete protein insertion into mitochondrial membrane involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	OBSOLETE. The process in which a protein is incorporated into a mitochondrial membrane as the initial phase of the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization that takes place in the apoptotic signaling pathway.	6
Obsolete regulation of DNA methylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent transfer of a methyl group to either N-6 of adenine or C-5 or N-4 of cytosine.	18
Obsolete regulation of DNA-templated transcription in response to stress	OBSOLETE. Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from a DNA template as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).	39
Obsolete regulation of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ER-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.	9
Obsolete regulation of cytoplasmic transport	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic transport.	32
Obsolete regulation of dosage compensation by inactivation of X chromosome	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dosage compensation, by inactivation of X chromosome.	13
Obsolete regulation of gene expression by genomic imprinting	OBSOLETE. An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression in which epigenetic modifications (imprints) are established during gametogenesis. For a given gene to show parentally biased expression, the imprint are established exclusively in one of the two parental genomes, thus generating an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles.	11
Obsolete regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of a methyl group to the lysine at position 4 of histone H3.	13
Obsolete regulation of histone acetylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of an acetyl group to a histone protein.	18
Obsolete regulation of histone deacetylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the removal of acetyl groups from histones.	6
Obsolete regulation of histone methylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent addition of methyl groups to histones.	19
Obsolete regulation of histone modification	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the covalent alteration of a histone.	40
Obsolete regulation of ncRNA transcription	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of a non-protein coding gene from a DNA-template.	93
Obsolete regulation of nodal signaling pathway involved in determination of left/right asymmetry	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a nodal signaling pathway, where the nodal signaling pathway is involved in determination of left/right asymmetry.	5
Obsolete regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to an inositol lipid at the 3' position of the inositol ring.	9
Obsolete regulation of response to extracellular stimulus	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to an extracellular stimulus.	28
Obsolete regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to hypoxia	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a hypoxia stimulus.	10
Obsolete regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to oxidative stress	OBSOLETE. Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.	7
Obsolete regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).	33
Obsolete regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle	OBSOLETE. Any process that regulates transcription such that the target genes are involved in the transition between G1 and S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.	22
Obsolete regulation of transforming growth factor beta activation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transforming growth factor beta activation.	10
Obsolete selective autophagy	OBSOLETE. The macroautophagy process in which specific structures are targeted by the autophagy process.	95
Obsolete toxin transport	OBSOLETE. The directed movement of a toxin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	11
Obsolete transforming growth factor beta activation	OBSOLETE. The release of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) from its latent state. TGF-beta is secreted as part of a large latent complex (LLC) that is targeted to the extracellular matrix. Release of TGFbeta from its latent state is required for TGFbeta to bind to its receptors, and can occur by a variety of mechanisms.	13
Obsolete ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway	OBSOLETE. The series of steps necessary to target endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident proteins for degradation by the cytoplasmic proteasome. Begins with recognition of the ER-resident protein, includes retrotranslocation (dislocation) of the protein from the ER to the cytosol, protein ubiquitination necessary for correct substrate transfer, transport of the protein to the proteasome, and ends with degradation of the protein by the cytoplasmic proteasome.	84
Odontoblast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell of neural crest origin acquires the specialized features of an odontoblast, a cell on the outer surface of the dental pulp whose biological function is the creation of dentin.	11
Odontogenesis	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tooth or teeth over time, from formation to the mature structure(s). A tooth is any hard bony, calcareous, or chitinous organ found in the mouth or pharynx of an animal and used in procuring or masticating food.	132
Odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a dentin-containing tooth over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A dentin-containing tooth is a hard, bony organ borne on the jaw or other bone of a vertebrate, and is composed mainly of dentin, a dense calcified substance, covered by a layer of enamel.	93
Olefinic compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).	28
Olefinic compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving an olefinic compound, any compound which contains a carbon-carbon double bond (aka C=C).	162
Olfactory behavior	The behavior of an organism in response to an odor.	10
Olfactory bulb interneuron development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb, from its initial commitment, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	8
Olfactory bulb interneuron differentiation	The process in which a neuroblast acquires specialized features of an interneuron residing in the olfactory bulb.	13
Olfactory lobe development	The progression of the olfactory lobe over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The olfactory lobe is the area of the brain that process the neural inputs for the sense of smell.	39
Olfactory nerve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the olfactory nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The olfactory nerve is a collection of sensory nerve rootlets that extend down from the olfactory bulb to the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. This nerve conducts odor information to the brainstem.	7
Oligodendrocyte development	The process aimed at the progression of an oligodendrocyte over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons in the central nervous system.	48
Oligodendrocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an oligodendrocyte. An oligodendrocyte is a type of glial cell involved in myelinating the axons of neurons in the central nervous system.	106
Oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. Oligodendrocyte progenitors give rise to oligodendrocytes, which form the insulating myelin sheath of axons in the central nervous system.	8
Oligopeptide import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of an oligopeptide from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	5
Oligopeptide transmembrane transport	The process in which an oligopeptide is transported across a membrane. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.	9
Oligosaccharide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.	29
Oligosaccharide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.	18
Oligosaccharide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving oligosaccharides, molecules with between two and (about) 20 monosaccharide residues connected by glycosidic linkages.	70
Oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.	21
Omega-hydroxylase P450 pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways by which arachidonic acid is converted to other compounds initially by omega-hydroxylation.	11
Oncogene-induced cell senescence	A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to oncogenic stress, such as the activation of the Ras oncogenic family.	6
One-carbon compound transport	The directed movement of one-carbon compounds into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	60
One-carbon metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.	40
Oocyte construction	The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.	8
Oocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized immature germ cell acquires the specialized features of a mature female gamete.	65
Oocyte maturation	A developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for an oocyte to attain its fully functional state. Oocyte maturation commences after reinitiation of meiosis commonly starting with germinal vesicle breakdown, and continues up to the second meiotic arrest prior to fertilization.	33
Oogenesis	The complete process of formation and maturation of an ovum or female gamete from a primordial female germ cell. Examples of this process are found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster.	110
Opsonization	The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.	17
Optic cup morphogenesis involved in camera-type eye development	The invagination of the optic vesicle to form two-walled indentations, the optic cups, that will go on to form the retina. This process begins with the optic vesicle becoming a two-walled structure and its subsequent shape changes. It does not include the fate commitment of cells to become the pigmented retina and the neural retina. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.	7
Optic nerve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the optic nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.	21
Optic nerve morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the optic nerve is generated and organized. The sensory optic nerve originates from the bipolar cells of the retina and conducts visual information to the brainstem. The optic nerve exits the back of the eye in the orbit, enters the optic canal, and enters the central nervous system at the optic chiasm (crossing) where the nerve fibers become the optic tract just prior to entering the hindbrain.	6
Organ growth	The increase in size or mass of an organ. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that function together as to perform a specific function.	173
Organ induction	The interaction of two or more cells or tissues that causes them to change their fates and specify the development of an organ.	23
Organ or tissue specific immune response	An immune response taking place in an organ or tissues such as the liver, brain, mucosa, or nervous system tissues.	42
Organelle disassembly	The disaggregation of an organelle into its constituent components.	143
Organelle fusion	The creation of a single organelle from two or more organelles.	160
Organelle inheritance	The partitioning of organelles between daughter cells at cell division.	15
Organelle membrane fusion	The joining of two lipid bilayers to form a single organelle membrane.	121
Organelle transport along microtubule	The directed movement of an organelle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.	89
Organic acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.	252
Organic acid transmembrane transport	The process in which an organic acid is transported across a membrane.	157
Organic cation transport	The directed movement of organic cations into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organic cations are atoms or small molecules with a positive charge which contain carbon in covalent linkage.	63
Organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of organic hydroxy compound.	250
Organic hydroxy compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organic hydroxy compound.	57
Organism emergence from protective structure	The developmental process in which an organism emerges from a surrounding protective structure such as an egg or pupa case.	26
Organophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of organophosphates, any phosphate-containing organic compound.	146
Organophosphate ester transport	The directed movement of organophosphate esters into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Organophosphate esters are small organic molecules containing phosphate ester bonds.	152
Ornithine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.	10
Ornithine transport	The directed movement of ornithine, 2,5-diaminopentanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	7
Osmosensory signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated in response to osmotic change.	6
Osteoblast development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an osteoblast over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Osteoblast development does not include the steps involved in committing a cranial neural crest cell or an osteoprogenitor cell to an osteoblast fate. An osteoblast is a cell that gives rise to bone.	17
Osteoblast differentiation	The process whereby a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of an osteoblast, a mesodermal or neural crest cell that gives rise to bone.	245
Osteoblast proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of osteoblasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoblast cell population. An osteoblast is a bone-forming cell which secretes an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone.	36
Osteoclast differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized monocyte acquires the specialized features of an osteoclast. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue.	106
Osteoclast fusion	The plasma membrane fusion process that results in fusion of mononuclear osteoclasts to form a multinuclear osteoclast.	6
Osteoclast proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population. An osteoclast is a specialized phagocytic cell associated with the absorption and removal of the mineralized matrix of bone tissue, which typically differentiates from monocytes.	11
Otic vesicle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otic vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.	15
Otic vesicle formation	The process resulting in the transition of the otic placode into the otic vesicle, a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.	8
Otic vesicle morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the otic vesicle are generated and organized. The otic vesicle is a transient embryonic structure formed during development of the vertebrate inner ear.	10
Otolith development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the otolith over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	10
Otolith morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of an otolith are generated and organized.	5
Outer dynein arm assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an axonemal dynein outer arm, an outer arm structure present on the outer doublet microtubules of ciliary and flagellar axonemes.	17
Outer ear morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the outer ear are generated and organized. The outer ear is the part of the ear external to the tympanum (eardrum). It consists of a tube (the external auditory meatus) that directs sound waves on to the tympanum, and may also include the external pinna, which extends beyond the skull.	8
Outer mitochondrial membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.	15
Outflow tract morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract are generated and organized. The outflow tract is the portion of the heart through which blood flows into the arteries.	80
Outflow tract septum morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the outflow tract septum are generated and organized. The outflow tract septum is a partition in the outflow tract.	26
Ovarian follicle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ovarian follicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	56
Oviduct development	The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of an oviduct over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An oviduct is a tube through which an ova passes from the ovary to the uterus, or from the ovary to the outside of the organism.	5
Ovulation	The release of a mature ovum/oocyte from an ovary.	15
Ovulation cycle	The type of sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.	72
Ovulation cycle process	A process involved in the sexual cycle seen in females, often with physiologic changes in the endometrium that recur at regular intervals during the reproductive years.	50
Ovulation from ovarian follicle	The process leading to the rupture of the follicle, releasing the centrally located oocyte into the oviduct. An example of this is found in Mus musculus.	8
Oxalate transport	The directed movement of oxalate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oxalate, or ethanedioic acid, occurs in many plants and is highly toxic to animals.	11
Oxaloacetate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.	9
Oxidative RNA demethylation	The removal of the methyl group from one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule involving oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms.	5
Oxidative demethylation	The process of removing one or more methyl groups from a molecule, involving the oxidation (i.e. electron loss) of one or more atoms in the substrate.	14
Oxidative phosphorylation	The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.	147
Oxygen metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving diatomic oxygen (O2).	6
Oxygen transport	The directed movement of oxygen (O2) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	15
P-body assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.	21
P38MAPK cascade	A MAPK cascade containing at least the p38MAPK (MAPK14) MAP kinase, or Hog1 in yeast. It starts with the activation of a MAP3K, and the consecutive activation of a MPK2K and of p38MAPK. The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier. The p38MAPK cascade is activated by stress signals, including hyperosmolarity, as well as by G protein-coupled receptors, growth factors, and cytokines, and results in cellular responses such as cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis and inflammation.	57
PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	The series of molecular signals mediated by the endoplasmic reticulum membrane stress sensor PERK (PKR-like ER kinase). Begins with activation of PERK in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The main substrate of PERK is the translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Serine-phosphorylation of eIF2alpha by PERK inactivates eIF2alpha and inhibits general protein translation. In addition, eIF2alpha phosphorylation preferentially increases the translation of selective mRNAs such as ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), which up regulates a subset of UPR genes required to restore folding capacity.	18
PH reduction	Any process that reduces the internal pH of an organism, part of an organism or a cell, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	6
PML body organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of PML bodies, a class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML = promyelocytic leukemia).	7
Pallium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pallium is the roof region of the telencephalon.	188
Pancreas development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pancreas over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pancreas is an endoderm derived structure that produces precursors of digestive enzymes and blood glucose regulating hormones.	78
Pancreatic A cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and functional features of a pancreatic A cell. A pancreatic A cell is a cell in the pancreas that secretes glucagon.	11
Pancreatic juice secretion	The regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine. Pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline and contains numerous enzymes and inactive enzyme precursors including alpha-amylase, chymotrypsinogen, lipase, procarboxypeptidase, proelastase, prophospholipase A2, ribonuclease, and trypsinogen. Its high concentration of bicarbonate ions helps to neutralize the acid from the stomach.	11
Paracrine signaling	The transfer of information from one cell to another, where the signal travels from the signal-producing cell to the receiving cell by passive diffusion or bulk flow in intercellular fluid. The signaling cell and the receiving cell are usually in the vicinity of each other.	7
Parallel actin filament bundle assembly	Assembly of actin filament bundles in which the filaments are tightly packed (approximately 10-20 nm apart) and oriented with the same polarity.	7
Paranodal junction assembly	Formation of the junction between an axon and the glial cell that forms the myelin sheath. Paranodal junctions form at each paranode, i.e. at the ends of the unmyelinated nodes of Ranvier.	6
Parasympathetic nervous system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parasympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves emerge cranially as pre ganglionic fibers from oculomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus and from the sacral region of the spinal cord. Most neurons are cholinergic and responses are mediated by muscarinic receptors. The parasympathetic system innervates, for example: salivary glands, thoracic and abdominal viscera, bladder and genitalia.	18
Parathyroid gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the parathyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The parathyroid gland is an organ specialised for secretion of parathyroid hormone.	7
Paraxial mesoderm development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the paraxial mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The paraxial mesoderm is the mesoderm located bilaterally adjacent to the notochord and neural tube.	18
Paraxial mesoderm formation	The process that gives rise to the paraxial mesoderm. This process pertains to the initial formation of the structure from unspecified parts.	7
Paraxial mesoderm morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the paraxial mesoderm are generated and organized.	10
Parental behavior	A reproductive behavior in which a parent cares for and rears offspring.	11
Parkin-mediated stimulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization	A positive regulation of the macromitophagy pathway that is triggered by mitochondrial depolarization and requires the function of a parkin-family molecule.	6
Parturition	The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.	15
Pattern specification involved in kidney development	Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within the kidney to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.	8
Penetration of zona pellucida	The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.	9
Penile erection	The hardening, enlarging and rising of the penis which often occurs in the sexually aroused male and enables sexual intercourse. Achieved by increased inflow of blood into the vessels of erectile tissue, and decreased outflow.	7
Pentose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pentose, any monosaccharide with a chain of five carbon atoms in the molecule.	12
Pentose-phosphate shunt, non-oxidative branch	The branch of the pentose-phosphate shunt which does not involve oxidation reactions. It comprises a series of sugar phosphate interconversions, starting with ribulose 5-P and producing fructose 6-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P.	6
Peptide antigen assembly with MHC class II protein complex	The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC class II protein complex.	16
Peptide antigen assembly with MHC protein complex	The binding of a peptide to the antigen binding groove of an MHC protein complex.	20
Peptide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of peptides, compounds of 2 or more (but usually less than 100) amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.	23
Peptide cross-linking	The formation of a covalent cross-link between or within protein chains.	28
Peptide modification	The covalent alteration of one or more amino acid residues within a peptide, resulting in a change in the properties of that peptide.	7
Peptide transport	The directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	261
Peptidoglycan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptidoglycans, any of a class of glycoconjugates found only in bacterial cell walls and consisting of strands of glycosaminoglycan cross-linked by oligopeptides to form a huge and rigid network.	6
Peptidyl-L-cysteine S-palmitoylation	The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a sulfur (S) atom within a cysteine residue to form peptidyl-S-palmitoyl-L-cysteine.	23
Peptidyl-arginine methylation	The addition of a methyl group to an arginine residue in a protein.	7
Peptidyl-arginine modification	The modification of peptidyl-arginine.	10
Peptidyl-cysteine modification	The modification of peptidyl-cysteine.	45
Peptidyl-glutamic acid modification	The modification of peptidyl-glutamic acid.	26
Peptidyl-histidine modification	The modification of peptidyl-histidine.	8
Peptidyl-lysine acetylation	The acetylation of peptidyl-lysine.	68
Peptidyl-lysine deacetylation	The removal of an acetyl group from an acetylated lysine residue in a peptide or protein.	7
Peptidyl-lysine dimethylation	The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6-dimethyl-L-lysine.	11
Peptidyl-lysine hydroxylation	The hydroxylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-hydroxylysine.	8
Peptidyl-lysine methylation	The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form either the mono-, di- or trimethylated derivative.	53
Peptidyl-lysine modification	The modification of peptidyl-lysine.	219
Peptidyl-lysine monomethylation	The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-methyl-L-lysine.	9
Peptidyl-lysine oxidation	The oxidation of the terminal amino-methylene groups of peptidyl-L-lysine or peptidyl-5-hydroxy-L-lysine to aldehyde groups to form allysine or hydroxyallysine residues, respectively; these are intermediates in the formation of covalent cross-links between adjacent polypeptide chains in proteins such as collagens.	5
Peptidyl-lysine trimethylation	The methylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine.	11
Peptidyl-methionine modification	The modification of peptidyl-methionine.	12
Peptidyl-proline hydroxylation	The hydroxylation of peptidyl-proline to form peptidyl-hydroxyproline.	11
Peptidyl-proline hydroxylation to 4-hydroxy-L-proline	The modification of peptidyl-proline to form 4-hydroxy-L-proline; catalyzed by procollagen-proline,2-oxoglutarate-4-dioxygenase.	8
Peptidyl-proline modification	The modification of peptidyl-proline.	40
Peptidyl-serine autophosphorylation	The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own serine amino acid residues, or a serine residue on an identical protein.	8
Peptidyl-serine dephosphorylation	The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-serine to form peptidyl-serine.	14
Peptidyl-threonine dephosphorylation	The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine to form peptidyl-threonine.	18
Peptidyl-threonine modification	The modification of peptidyl-threonine.	109
Peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation	The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own tyrosine amino acid residues, or a tyrosine residue on an identical protein.	18
Peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	The removal of phosphoric residues from peptidyl-O-phospho-tyrosine to form peptidyl-tyrosine.	31
Peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity	Any peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation that is involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity.	8
Peptidyl-tyrosine modification	The modification of peptidyl-tyrosine.	276
Pericardium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pericardium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the aorta, vena cava and the pulmonary artery.	19
Pericardium morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the pericardium is generated and organized.	8
Pericentric heterochromatin formation	The compaction of chromatin located adjacent to the CENP-A rich centromere 'central core' and characterized by methylation of histone H3K9, into heterochromatin, resulting in the repression of transcription at pericentric DNA.	5
Pericyte cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pericyte cell.	11
Peripheral nervous system axon regeneration	The regrowth of axons outside the central nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord) following an axonal injury.	10
Peripheral nervous system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.	80
Peripheral nervous system myelin maintenance	The process in which the structure and material content of mature peripheral nervous system myelin is kept in a functional state.	8
Peripheral nervous system neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a neuron whose cell body resides in the peripheral nervous system.	15
Peristalsis	A wavelike sequence of involuntary muscular contraction and relaxation that passes along a tubelike structure, such as the intestine, impelling the contents onwards.	12
Peroxisomal transport	Transport of substances into, out of or within a peroxisome, a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.	24
Peroxisome fission	The division of a mature peroxisome within a cell to form two or more separate peroxisome compartments.	10
Peroxisome organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.	37
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an intracellular peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (alpha, beta or gamma) of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	23
Pexophagy	The selective autophagy process in which a peroxisome is degraded by macroautophagy.	6
Phagocytosis	A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.	234
Phagocytosis, engulfment	The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.	49
Phagocytosis, recognition	The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.	29
Phagolysosome assembly	The process that results in the fusion of a phagosome, a vesicle formed by phagocytosis, with a lysosome.	19
Phagosome acidification	Any process that reduces the pH of the phagosome, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	7
Phagosome maturation	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the arrangement of constituent parts of a phagosome within a cell. Phagosome maturation begins with endocytosis and formation of the early phagosome and ends with the formation of the hybrid organelle, the phagolysosome.	30
Phagosome-lysosome fusion	The creation of a phagolysosome from a phagosome and a lysosome.	14
Pharyngeal arch artery morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a pharyngeal arch artery is generated and organized. The pharyngeal arch arteries are a series of six paired embryological vascular structures, the development of which give rise to several major arteries, such as the stapedial artery, the middle meningeal artery, the internal carotid artery and the pulmonary artery.	10
Pharyngeal system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pharyngeal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pharyngeal system is a transient embryonic complex that is specific to vertebrates. It comprises the pharyngeal arches, bulges of tissues of mesoderm and neural crest derivation through which pass nerves and pharyngeal arch arteries. The arches are separated internally by pharyngeal pouches, evaginations of foregut endoderm, and externally by pharyngeal clefts, invaginations of surface ectoderm. The development of the system ends when the structure it contributes to are forming: the thymus, thyroid, parathyroids, maxilla, mandible, aortic arch, cardiac outflow tract, external and middle ear.	30
Phasic smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within phasic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the phasic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Phasic smooth muscle contraction occurs in a series of discrete contractions and relaxations.	24
Phenol-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.	48
Phenol-containing compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.	11
Phenol-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a phenol, any compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups directly attached to an aromatic carbon ring.	114
Phenotypic switching	A reversible switch of a cell from one cell type or form to another, at a frequency above the expected frequency for somatic mutations. Phenotypic switching involves changes in cell morphology and altered gene expression patterns. For example, Candida albicans switches from white cells to opaque cells for sexual mating. Phenotypic switching also occurs in multicellular organisms; smooth muscle cells (SMCs) exhibit phenotypic transitions to allow rapid adaption to fluctuating environmental cues.	14
Phenylpropanoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic derivatives of trans-cinnamic acid.	7
Phosphagen metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.	5
Phosphate ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phosphate ions within an organism or cell.	19
Phosphate ion transmembrane transport	The process in which a phosphate is transported across a membrane.	17
Phosphate ion transport	The directed movement of phosphate ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	28
Phosphatidic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.	36
Phosphatidylcholine acyl-chain remodeling	Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylcholine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylcholine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.	14
Phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.	29
Phosphatidylcholine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.	16
Phosphatidylcholine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline. They are important constituents of cell membranes.	76
Phosphatidylethanolamine acyl-chain remodeling	Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylethanolamine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylethanolamine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.	11
Phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.	10
Phosphatidylethanolamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine. It is a major structural phospholipid in mammalian systems. It tends to be more abundant than phosphatidylcholine in the internal membranes of the cell and is an abundant component of prokaryotic membranes.	28
Phosphatidylglycerol acyl-chain remodeling	Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylglycerol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylglycerol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.	9
Phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.	9
Phosphatidylglycerol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol. They are important constituents of cell membranes.	34
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activation, production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), activation of PDK1, which recruits and ending with the activation of protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt). PI3K is activated by cell surface receptors. Note that PTEN is an inhibitor of the pathway.	279
Phosphatidylinositol acyl-chain remodeling	Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylinositol, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylinositol containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.	6
Phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.	129
Phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation	The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.	27
Phosphatidylinositol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which a sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.	153
Phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol phosphate.	64
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, a phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 3-position.	22
Phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling	The series of molecular signals in which a cell uses a phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling to convert a signal into a response. Phosphatidylinositols include phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) and its phosphorylated derivatives.	26
Phosphatidylserine acyl-chain remodeling	Remodeling the acyl chains of phosphatidylserine, through sequential deacylation and re-acylation reactions, to generate phosphatidylserine containing different types of fatty acid acyl chains.	9
Phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic cell surface	A phospholipid scrambling process that results in the appearance of phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane of an apoptotic cell, which acts as an 'eat-me' signal for engulfing cells. Phosphatidylserine is exposed on the apoptotic cell surface by a phospholipid scramblase activity.	9
Phosphatidylserine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.	23
Phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	8
Phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).	111
Phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	8
Phospholipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a phospholipid, a lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.	251
Phospholipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.	55
Phospholipid dephosphorylation	The process of removing one or more phosphate groups from a phosphorylated lipid, any member of a group of substances soluble in lipid solvents but only sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents.	41
Phospholipid efflux	The directed movement of a phospholipid out of a cell or organelle.	14
Phospholipid homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of phospholipid within an organism or cell.	16
Phospholipid translocation	The movement of a phospholipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.	52
Phospholipid transport	The directed movement of phospholipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Phospholipids are any lipids containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.	102
Photoperiodism	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a period of light or dark of a given length, measured relative to a particular duration known as the 'critical day length'. The critical day length varies between species.	28
Photoreceptor cell development	Development of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light.	48
Photoreceptor cell differentiation	The specialization of organization of a photoreceptor, a cell that responds to incident electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.	63
Photoreceptor cell maintenance	Any process preventing the degeneration of the photoreceptor, a specialized cell type that is sensitive to light.	43
Photoreceptor cell morphogenesis	The process in which the structures of a photoreceptor cell are generated and organized. This process occurs while the initially relatively unspecialized cell is acquiring the specialized features of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.	4
Photoreceptor cell outer segment organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level and results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, a sensory cell that reacts to the presence of light. The outer segment of the photoreceptor cell contains the light-absorbing materials.	13
Phototransduction	The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.	48
Phototransduction, visible light	The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.	20
Physiological cardiac muscle hypertrophy	The enlargement or overgrowth of all or part of the heart muscle due to an increase in size of cardiac muscle cells without cell division. This process contributes to the developmental growth of the heart.	26
Piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus	Degradation of a cell nucleus by microautophagy.	10
Pigment accumulation	The aggregation of coloring matter in a particular location in an organism, tissue or cell, occurring in response to some external stimulus.	12
Pigment biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.	58
Pigment catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.	11
Pigment cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a pigmented cell, such as a melanocyte.	36
Pigment granule localization	Any process in which a pigment granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	25
Pigment granule maturation	Steps required to form a membrane-bounded organelle into a pigment granule containing pigment. Maturation is a developmental process, independent of morphogenetic (shape) change, that is required for a cell or structure to attain its fully functional state.	10
Pigment granule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pigment granule.	40
Pigment metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pigment, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, e.g. melanin.	81
Pigmentation	The accumulation of pigment in an organism, tissue or cell, either by increased deposition or by increased number of cells.	115
Pinocytosis	An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.	22
Pituitary gland development	The progression of the pituitary gland over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The pituitary gland is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones that regulate many other glands.	42
Placenta blood vessel development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	31
Placenta development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the placenta over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The placenta is an organ of metabolic interchange between fetus and mother, partly of embryonic origin and partly of maternal origin.	152
Planar cell polarity pathway involved in axis elongation	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal to modulate cytoskeletal elements and control cell polarity that contributes to axis elongation.	6
Planar cell polarity pathway involved in neural tube closure	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors signal via downstream effectors that modulates the establishment of planar polarity contributing to neural tube closure.	11
Plasma cell differentiation	The process in which a B cell acquires the specialized features of a plasma cell. A plasma cell is a lymphocyte which develops from a B cell and produces high amounts of antibody.	9
Plasma lipoprotein particle clearance	The process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	51
Plasma membrane fusion	The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane that surround a cell with that of another cell, producing a single cell.	32
Plasma membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.	167
Plasma membrane phospholipid scrambling	The movement of a population of phospholipid molecules from one leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet, resulting in loss of lipid asymmetry and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE).	25
Plasma membrane raft assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a plasma membrane raft.	7
Plasma membrane raft organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of plasma membrane rafts.	11
Plasma membrane repair	The resealing of a cell plasma membrane after cellular wounding due to, for instance, mechanical stress.	29
Plasma membrane to endosome transport	Transport of a vesicle from the plasma membrane to the endosome.	8
Plasma membrane tubulation	A membrane tubulation process occurring in a plasma membrane.	19
Plasminogen activation	The process in which inactive plasminogen is processed to active plasmin. This process includes cleavage at an internal Arg-Val site to form an N-terminal A-chain and C-terminal B-chain held together by a disulfide bond, and can include further proteolytic cleavage events to remove the preactivation peptide.	27
Platelet activating factor metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.	8
Platelet activation	A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug.	134
Platelet aggregation	The adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.	73
Platelet degranulation	The regulated exocytosis of secretory granules containing preformed mediators such as histamine and serotonin by a platelet.	7
Platelet dense granule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a platelet dense granule. A platelet dense granule is an electron-dense granule occurring in blood platelets that stores and secretes adenosine nucleotides and serotonin. They contain a highly condensed core consisting of serotonin, histamine, calcium, magnesium, ATP, ADP, pyrophosphate and membrane lysosomal proteins.	25
Platelet morphogenesis	Generation and organization of a platelet, a non-nucleated disk-shaped cell formed by extrusion from megakaryocytes, found in the blood of all mammals, and mainly involved in blood coagulation.	24
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a platelet-derived growth factor receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	56
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated a ligand binding to an alpha-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFalpha) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	7
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a ligand to a beta-type platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFbeta) on the surface of a signal-receiving cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	14
Plus-end-directed organelle transport along microtubule	The directed movement of an organelle towards the plus end of a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of an organelle to a microtubule, and ends when the organelle reaches its final destination.	7
Podocyte cell migration	The orderly movement of a podocyte from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism or multicellular structure. A podocyte is a specialized kidney epithelial cell.	7
Podosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a podosome, an actin-rich adhesion structure characterized by formation upon cell substrate contact and localization at the substrate-attached part of the cell.	20
Pointed-end actin filament capping	The binding of a protein or protein complex to the pointed (or minus) end of an actin filament, thus preventing the addition, exchange or removal of further actin subunits.	7
Polar body extrusion after meiotic divisions	The cell cycle process in which two small cells are generated, as byproducts destined to degenerate, as a result of the first and second meiotic divisions of a primary oocyte during its development to a mature ovum. One polar body is formed in the first division of meiosis and the other in the second division; at each division, the cytoplasm divides unequally, so that the polar body is of much smaller size than the developing oocyte. At the second division in which a polar body is formed, the polar body and the developing oocyte each contain a haploid set of chromosomes.	5
Polarized epithelial cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a polarized epithelial cell. The polarized epithelial cell can be any of the cells within an epithelium where the epithelial sheet is oriented with respect to the planar axis.	26
Pole plasm assembly	Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.	6
Poly(A)+ mRNA export from nucleus	The directed movement of poly(A)+ mRNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	25
Poly(A)-dependent snoRNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a snoRNA molecule linked to prior polyadenylation of the 3'-end of the precursor snoRNA.	8
Poly-N-acetyllactosamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a carbohydrate composed of N-acetyllactosamine repeats (Gal-beta-1,4-GlcNAc-beta-1,3)n.	7
Polyadenylation-dependent RNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an RNA molecule, initiated by the enzymatic addition of a sequence of adenylyl residues (polyadenylation) at the 3'-end of the target RNA.	8
Polyamine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.	14
Polyamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.	19
Polyamine transport	The directed movement of polyamines, organic compounds containing two or more amino groups, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	16
Polyketide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyketides, any of a diverse group of natural products synthesized via linear poly-beta-ketones, which are themselves formed by repetitive head-to-tail addition of acetyl (or substituted acetyl) units indirectly derived from acetate (or a substituted acetate) by a mechanism similar to that for fatty acid biosynthesis but without the intermediate reductive steps.	10
Polyol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.	62
Polyol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.	10
Polyol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyol, any alcohol containing three or more hydroxyl groups attached to saturated carbon atoms.	108
Polyol transmembrane transport	The directed movement of polyols, any polyhydric alcohol, across a membrane.	11
Polyprenol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyprenols, prenols with more than 4 isoprenoid residues, which may be all-trans, or a mixture of cis and trans.	24
Polysaccharide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.	65
Polysaccharide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.	20
Polysaccharide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.	100
Pons development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pons over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The pons lies above the medulla and next to the cerebellum. The pons conveys information about movement from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum.	11
Pore complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a pore complex. A pore complex is a small opening in a membrane that allows the passage of liquids and/or gases.	20
Porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.	53
Positive T cell selection	The process of sparing immature T cells which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.	40
Positive chemotaxis	The directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration of a chemical.	69
Positive regulation by host of viral genome replication	A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.	10
Positive regulation by host of viral process	A process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a process being mediated by a virus with which it is infected.	21
Positive regulation by host of viral transcription	Any process in which a host organism activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral transcription, the synthesis of either RNA on a template of DNA or DNA on a template of RNA.	17
Positive regulation by symbiont of entry into host	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent to which it enters into the host organism, where the two organisms are in a symbiotic interaction.	14
Positive regulation of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.	5
Positive regulation of AMPA receptor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.	5
Positive regulation of ATP metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.	11
Positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity	Any process that activates or increases the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.	41
Positive regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation.	8
Positive regulation of B cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.	84
Positive regulation of B cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.	16
Positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.	43
Positive regulation of B cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of B cell proliferation.	45
Positive regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.	8
Positive regulation of BMP signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of BMP signaling pathway activity.	41
Positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.	44
Positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	34
Positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation.	10
Positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.	9
Positive regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	5
Positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor CREB.	16
Positive regulation of CoA-transferase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.	8
Positive regulation of DNA binding	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).	41
Positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.	69
Positive regulation of DNA catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.	5
Positive regulation of DNA damage checkpoint	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.	5
Positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.	16
Positive regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.	5
Positive regulation of DNA demethylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.	9
Positive regulation of DNA ligation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.	5
Positive regulation of DNA metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving DNA.	297
Positive regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.	11
Positive regulation of DNA recombination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination.	71
Positive regulation of DNA repair	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.	129
Positive regulation of DNA replication	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.	38
Positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of a transcription factor, any factor involved in the initiation or regulation of transcription.	241
Positive regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication.	13
Positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.	68
Positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription, elongation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.	62
Positive regulation of ERAD pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.	15
Positive regulation of ERBB signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.	28
Positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the ERK1 and ERK2 cascade.	220
Positive regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway.	5
Positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway activity.	26
Positive regulation of G0 to G1 transition	A cell cycle process that activates or increases the rate or extent of the transition from the G0 quiescent state to the G1 phase.	5
Positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle	Any signaling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle.	50
Positive regulation of GTPase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a GTPase.	237
Positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.	5
Positive regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.	6
Positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.	7
Positive regulation of JNK cascade	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.	88
Positive regulation of JUN kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.	30
Positive regulation of MAP kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.	89
Positive regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class I.	6
Positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of MHC class II.	14
Positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of activity of the transcription factor NF-kappaB.	150
Positive regulation of NK T cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.	9
Positive regulation of Notch signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.	46
Positive regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RIG-I signaling pathway.	10
Positive regulation of RNA binding	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.	7
Positive regulation of RNA export from nucleus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of RNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	5
Positive regulation of RNA splicing	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing.	45
Positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.	5
Positive regulation of Rho protein signal transduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.	33
Positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction.	26
Positive regulation of T cell apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell death by apoptotic process.	13
Positive regulation of T cell cytokine production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell cytokine production.	26
Positive regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.	11
Positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.	40
Positive regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.	6
Positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.	69
Positive regulation of T cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.	35
Positive regulation of T cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of T cell proliferation.	104
Positive regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.	17
Positive regulation of T cell tolerance induction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell tolerance induction.	9
Positive regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.	6
Positive regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.	18
Positive regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.	8
Positive regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.	16
Positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell cytokine production.	9
Positive regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.	7
Positive regulation of T-helper cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.	22
Positive regulation of TOR signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TOR signaling.	69
Positive regulation of TORC1 signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC1 signaling.	52
Positive regulation of TORC2 signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.	5
Positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signal transduction.	144
Positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.	9
Positive regulation of acrosome reaction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.	11
Positive regulation of actin filament bundle assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.	61
Positive regulation of actin filament depolymerization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin depolymerization.	13
Positive regulation of actin filament polymerization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin polymerization.	52
Positive regulation of actin nucleation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.	14
Positive regulation of action potential	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.	7
Positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of activated T cell proliferation.	27
Positive regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.	8
Positive regulation of acute inflammatory response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.	27
Positive regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.	8
Positive regulation of adaptive immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.	130
Positive regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.	32
Positive regulation of adipose tissue development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.	10
Positive regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.	27
Positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.	72
Positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	52
Positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell proliferation.	25
Positive regulation of amide metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amides.	169
Positive regulation of amine metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amines.	8
Positive regulation of amine transport	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amines into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	41
Positive regulation of amino acid transport	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	24
Positive regulation of amyloid fibril formation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.	5
Positive regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.	25
Positive regulation of amyloid-beta clearance	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.	8
Positive regulation of amyloid-beta formation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta formation.	20
Positive regulation of animal organ morphogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.	35
Positive regulation of anoikis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.	6
Positive regulation of antibacterial peptide production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.	5
Positive regulation of antigen processing and presentation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.	9
Positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.	25
Positive regulation of antimicrobial humoral response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.	8
Positive regulation of apoptotic cell clearance	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.	8
Positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.	5
Positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in morphogenesis.	5
Positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic signaling pathway.	142
Positive regulation of aspartic-type peptidase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.	8
Positive regulation of astrocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.	12
Positive regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.	11
Positive regulation of autophagosome assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagic vacuole assembly.	19
Positive regulation of autophagosome maturation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.	7
Positive regulation of autophagy	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of autophagy. Autophagy is the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.	150
Positive regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by autophagy.	15
Positive regulation of axon extension	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension.	37
Positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon extension involved in axon guidance.	7
Positive regulation of axon guidance	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.	5
Positive regulation of axonogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis.	78
Positive regulation of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of basement membrane assembly involved in embryonic body morphogenesis.	5
Positive regulation of behavior	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.	25
Positive regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.	7
Positive regulation of binding	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.	126
Positive regulation of biomineral tissue development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.	54
Positive regulation of blood circulation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.	40
Positive regulation of blood pressure	Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased.	32
Positive regulation of blood pressure by epinephrine-norepinephrine	Any process in which the force of blood traveling through the circulatory system is increased by the chemicals epinephrine and norepinephrine.	6
Positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.	72
Positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis.	19
Positive regulation of blood vessel remodeling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of blood vessel remodeling.	3
Positive regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability	Any process that increases blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.	5
Positive regulation of bone mineralization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.	44
Positive regulation of bone resorption	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of bone resorption.	18
Positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.	16
Positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.	5
Positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling	Any process which activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.	15
Positive regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.	5
Positive regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.	21
Positive regulation of calcium ion import	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.	15
Positive regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.	11
Positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.	84
Positive regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	30
Positive regulation of calcium ion transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	118
Positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol	Any process that increases the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.	13
Positive regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.	13
Positive regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling.	42
Positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.	196
Positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.	108
Positive regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrate.	81
Positive regulation of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Any process that starts or increases the rate, frequency or extent of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	9
Positive regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation	Any process that increases the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.	6
Positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.	11
Positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.	29
Positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.	9
Positive regulation of cardiocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.	17
Positive regulation of cartilage development	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.	32
Positive regulation of catecholamine metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamine.	6
Positive regulation of catecholamine secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a catecholamine.	12
Positive regulation of cation channel activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.	49
Positive regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.	22
Positive regulation of cell adhesion molecule production	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of cell adhesion molecule production. Cell adhesion molecule production is the appearance of a cell adhesion molecule as a result of its biosynthesis or a decrease in its catabolism.	4
Positive regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition	Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.	63
Positive regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Any signaling pathway that activates or increases the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.	32
Positive regulation of cell cycle checkpoint	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.	18
Positive regulation of cell cycle phase transition	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle phase transition.	117
Positive regulation of cell cycle process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a cellular process that is involved in the progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events.	260
Positive regulation of cell division	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell division.	94
Positive regulation of cell fate commitment	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency or rate of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.	12
Positive regulation of cell growth	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, extent or direction of cell growth.	160
Positive regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.	6
Positive regulation of cell junction assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.	105
Positive regulation of cell killing	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing.	76
Positive regulation of cell maturation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.	7
Positive regulation of cell migration by vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the orderly movement of a cell from one site to another.	8
Positive regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.	32
Positive regulation of cell morphogenesis	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis contributing to cell differentiation. Cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation is the change in form (cell shape and size) that occurs when relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features that characterize the cells, tissues, or organs of the mature organism or some other relatively stable phase of the organism's life history.	35
Positive regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow	A process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.	6
Positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in heart morphogenesis.	5
Positive regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.	9
Positive regulation of cell size	Any process that increases cell size.	11
Positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.	11
Positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.	6
Positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix.	56
Positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.	123
Positive regulation of cell-substrate junction organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.	31
Positive regulation of cellular extravasation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.	18
Positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.	5
Positive regulation of cellular respiration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration.	13
Positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.	26
Positive regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.	32
Positive regulation of cellular senescence	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.	14
Positive regulation of centriole elongation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole elongation.	5
Positive regulation of centriole replication	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of centriole replication.	9
Positive regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation	The process that activates or increases the rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.	8
Positive regulation of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5.	6
Positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 production.	5
Positive regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production.	11
Positive regulation of chemokine production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of chemokine production.	71
Positive regulation of chemotaxis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.	145
Positive regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.	10
Positive regulation of cholesterol efflux	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.	27
Positive regulation of cholesterol metabolic process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	15
Positive regulation of cholesterol storage	Any process that increases the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	7
Positive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.	20
Positive regulation of chondrocyte proliferation	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of chondrocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A chondrocyte is a polymorphic cell that forms cartilage.	8
Positive regulation of chromatin binding	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.	9
Positive regulation of chromatin organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.	14
Positive regulation of chromosome condensation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome condensation.	8
Positive regulation of chromosome organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome organization.	109
Positive regulation of chromosome segregation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.	27
Positive regulation of chromosome separation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome separation.	29
Positive regulation of cilium assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a cilium.	28
Positive regulation of cilium movement	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.	12
Positive regulation of circadian rhythm	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm behavior.	16
Positive regulation of coagulation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation.	30
Positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cold-induced thermogenesis.	101
Positive regulation of collagen metabolic process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.	27
Positive regulation of collateral sprouting	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.	10
Positive regulation of complement activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.	6
Positive regulation of connective tissue replacement	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of connective tissue replacement.	8
Positive regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.	7
Positive regulation of cyclase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a cyclase.	39
Positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.	18
Positive regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of CDK activity.	15
Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.	128
Positive regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.	7
Positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of cytokine production that contributes to an immune response.	81
Positive regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response.	29
Positive regulation of cytokinesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell, and its separation into two daughter cells.	47
Positive regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.	6
Positive regulation of cytoplasmic translation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.	15
Positive regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.	5
Positive regulation of cytoskeleton organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.	184
Positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.	173
Positive regulation of defense response to bacterium	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.	14
Positive regulation of defense response to virus by host	Any host process that results in the promotion of antiviral immune response mechanisms, thereby limiting viral replication.	31
Positive regulation of dendrite development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.	16
Positive regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.	7
Positive regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.	10
Positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell cytokine production.	12
Positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.	6
Positive regulation of dendritic spine development	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	38
Positive regulation of dendritic spine maintenance	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.	5
Positive regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.	16
Positive regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.	5
Positive regulation of dephosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.	51
Positive regulation of developmental growth	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of developmental growth.	165
Positive regulation of developmental pigmentation	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the developmental process that results in the deposition of coloring matter in an organism.	9
Positive regulation of digestive system process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	12
Positive regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the dopamine receptor protein signaling pathway. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	5
Positive regulation of dopamine secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of dopamine.	6
Positive regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.	5
Positive regulation of double-strand break repair	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.	86
Positive regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination.	37
Positive regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.	15
Positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.	9
Positive regulation of embryonic development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.	23
Positive regulation of enamel mineralization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.	5
Positive regulation of endocytic recycling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.	8
Positive regulation of endocytosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.	154
Positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	10
Positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.	13
Positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell apoptotic process.	22
Positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.	15
Positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis by VEGF-activated vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its receptor on the surface of a cell, which activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.	5
Positive regulation of endothelial cell development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.	6
Positive regulation of endothelial cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.	18
Positive regulation of endothelial cell migration	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.	124
Positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of endothelial cell proliferation.	107
Positive regulation of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion via fibronectin.	5
Positive regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.	5
Positive regulation of epidermis development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.	32
Positive regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.	40
Positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.	71
Positive regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.	7
Positive regulation of epithelial cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.	170
Positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation.	213
Positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis	Any process that increases the rate or frequency of epithelial cell proliferation that results in the lung attaining its shape.	5
Positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in wound healing	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation, contributing to the restoration of integrity to a damaged tissue following an injury.	10
Positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition is where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	59
Positive regulation of epithelial tube formation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial tube formation.	8
Positive regulation of erythrocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.	34
Positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.	38
Positive regulation of establishment of protein localization to telomere	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to telomere.	10
Positive regulation of excitatory postsynaptic potential	Any process that enhances the establishment or increases the extent of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) which is a temporary increase in postsynaptic potential due to the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell. The flow of ions that causes an EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) and makes it easier for the neuron to fire an action potential.	32
Positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.	8
Positive regulation of exocytosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.	78
Positive regulation of exosomal secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.	15
Positive regulation of extracellular matrix assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.	12
Positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.	8
Positive regulation of extracellular matrix organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.	28
Positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	52
Positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.	10
Positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.	14
Positive regulation of fat cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.	68
Positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid beta-oxidation.	11
Positive regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids.	24
Positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.	41
Positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.	15
Positive regulation of fatty acid transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.	23
Positive regulation of fear response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.	7
Positive regulation of feeding behavior	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of feeding behavior.	10
Positive regulation of fertilization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fertilization.	5
Positive regulation of fever generation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of fever generation.	7
Positive regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.	10
Positive regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	7
Positive regulation of fibroblast migration	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.	15
Positive regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.	52
Positive regulation of filopodium assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.	31
Positive regulation of focal adhesion assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of focal adhesion assembly, the establishment and maturation of focal adhesions.	26
Positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.	9
Positive regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.	7
Positive regulation of gap junction assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.	7
Positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction.	5
Positive regulation of gastrulation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gastrulation.	7
Positive regulation of glial cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.	44
Positive regulation of glial cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.	13
Positive regulation of glial cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.	23
Positive regulation of gliogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.	71
Positive regulation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation.	7
Positive regulation of glomerulus development	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.	5
Positive regulation of gluconeogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis.	21
Positive regulation of glucose import	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.	36
Positive regulation of glucose metabolic process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.	45
Positive regulation of glucose transmembrane transport	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	43
Positive regulation of glutamate secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.	11
Positive regulation of glycogen metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.	17
Positive regulation of glycolytic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.	22
Positive regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.	26
Positive regulation of gonad development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.	9
Positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.	7
Positive regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.	28
Positive regulation of granulocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.	9
Positive regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production.	14
Positive regulation of growth	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of growth, the increase in size or mass of all or part of an organism.	253
Positive regulation of growth hormone secretion	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of growth hormone from a cell.	9
Positive regulation of guanylate cyclase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.	4
Positive regulation of hair follicle development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.	12
Positive regulation of hair follicle maturation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle maturation.	5
Positive regulation of heart growth	Any process that increases the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.	38
Positive regulation of heart rate	Any process that activates or increases the frequency or rate of heart contraction.	27
Positive regulation of heart rate by epinephrine-norepinephrine	The process in which the presence of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the bloodstream activates, maintains or increases the rate of heart contraction.	5
Positive regulation of heat generation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of heat generation.	9
Positive regulation of helicase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a helicase.	7
Positive regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.	6
Positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.	9
Positive regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.	6
Positive regulation of hemopoiesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hemopoiesis.	187
Positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.	5
Positive regulation of hepatocyte proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.	10
Positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.	14
Positive regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	6
Positive regulation of hippo signaling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.	9
Positive regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.	16
Positive regulation of hormone biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.	9
Positive regulation of hormone metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.	15
Positive regulation of hormone secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.	141
Positive regulation of humoral immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.	23
Positive regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.	7
Positive regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.	6
Positive regulation of hypersensitivity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.	6
Positive regulation of immature T cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of immature T cell proliferation.	6
Positive regulation of immune effector process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an immune effector process.	270
Positive regulation of immunoglobulin production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.	54
Positive regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway.	21
Positive regulation of inflammatory response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response.	148
Positive regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.	13
Positive regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.	14
Positive regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.	5
Positive regulation of insulin secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.	84
Positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.	30
Positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.	13
Positive regulation of integrin activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.	11
Positive regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.	12
Positive regulation of interferon-alpha production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-alpha production.	23
Positive regulation of interferon-beta production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-beta production.	39
Positive regulation of interleukin-1 alpha production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 alpha production.	6
Positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 beta production.	61
Positive regulation of interleukin-1 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-1 production.	72
Positive regulation of interleukin-10 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-10 production.	42
Positive regulation of interleukin-12 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-12 production.	43
Positive regulation of interleukin-13 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-13 production.	14
Positive regulation of interleukin-17 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of any member of the interleukin-17 family of cytokines.	26
Positive regulation of interleukin-18 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-18 production.	8
Positive regulation of interleukin-2 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-2 production.	34
Positive regulation of interleukin-23 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-23 production.	7
Positive regulation of interleukin-4 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-4 production.	26
Positive regulation of interleukin-5 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-5 production.	11
Positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-6 production.	98
Positive regulation of interleukin-8 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interleukin-8 production.	62
Positive regulation of intracellular protein transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.	157
Positive regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.	12
Positive regulation of intracellular transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances within cells.	200
Positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	62
Positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.	8
Positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.	7
Positive regulation of isotype switching	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.	29
Positive regulation of isotype switching to IgA isotypes	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgA isotypes.	6
Positive regulation of isotype switching to IgG isotypes	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgG isotypes.	11
Positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.	19
Positive regulation of keratinocyte proliferation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	15
Positive regulation of kidney development	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	10
Positive regulation of killing of cells of another organism	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.	8
Positive regulation of lamellipodium assembly	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.	28
Positive regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.	7
Positive regulation of lamellipodium organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.	36
Positive regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.	25
Positive regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.	27
Positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion.	273
Positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.	96
Positive regulation of leukocyte degranulation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte degranulation.	25
Positive regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.	151
Positive regulation of leukocyte migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.	149
Positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.	165
Positive regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.	13
Positive regulation of lipase activity	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.	59
Positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.	88
Positive regulation of lipid catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.	27
Positive regulation of lipid kinase activity	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.	26
Positive regulation of lipid localization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.	109
Positive regulation of lipid metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids.	142
Positive regulation of lipid storage	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.	25
Positive regulation of lipid transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	86
Positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.	10
Positive regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	10
Positive regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	A process that increases long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.	6
Positive regulation of long-term synaptic depression	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.	7
Positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.	22
Positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity.	5
Positive regulation of lyase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond.	40
Positive regulation of lymphocyte anergy	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte anergy.	5
Positive regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.	16
Positive regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.	20
Positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.	130
Positive regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.	129
Positive regulation of lymphocyte migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.	42
Positive regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing.	6
Positive regulation of mRNA metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA metabolic process.	187
Positive regulation of mRNA processing	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing.	36
Positive regulation of macroautophagy	Any process, such as recognition of nutrient depletion, that activates or increases the rate of macroautophagy to bring cytosolic macromolecules to the vacuole/lysosome for degradation.	75
Positive regulation of macrophage activation	Any process that stimulates, induces or increases the rate of macrophage activation.	29
Positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.	19
Positive regulation of macrophage cytokine production	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage cytokine production. Macrophage cytokine production is the appearance of a chemokine due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	24
Positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.	19
Positive regulation of macrophage differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.	16
Positive regulation of macrophage migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.	26
Positive regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion	Any process that increases the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.	6
Positive regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.	6
Positive regulation of mast cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.	21
Positive regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.	15
Positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.	6
Positive regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.	11
Positive regulation of meiotic cell cycle	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.	27
Positive regulation of meiotic nuclear division	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of meiosis.	17
Positive regulation of melanocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.	5
Positive regulation of membrane depolarization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization.	11
Positive regulation of membrane permeability	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.	47
Positive regulation of membrane potential	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.	15
Positive regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of membrane protein ectodomain peptidolysis.	16
Positive regulation of memory T cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of memory T cell differentiation.	9
Positive regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation	The process of activating or increasing the rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. Mesenchymal cells are loosely organized embryonic cells.	25
Positive regulation of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.	7
Positive regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.	4
Positive regulation of metallopeptidase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.	7
Positive regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle.	15
Positive regulation of miRNA metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.	63
Positive regulation of miRNA processing	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA processing.	5
Positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.	52
Positive regulation of microglial cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.	9
Positive regulation of microtubule nucleation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.	8
Positive regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization.	36
Positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration	Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in mitochondria.	11
Positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the change in the membrane potential of the mitochondria from negative to positive.	9
Positive regulation of mitochondrial fission	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.	21
Positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.	44
Positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of establishment or extent of a mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.	10
Positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.	12
Positive regulation of mitochondrial translation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.	16
Positive regulation of mitophagy	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy.	8
Positive regulation of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitophagy in response to mitochondrial depolarization.	10
Positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of progression through the mitotic cell cycle.	126
Positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cell cycle phase transition.	96
Positive regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.	12
Positive regulation of mitotic cytokinesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.	8
Positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.	44
Positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation	Any process that starts or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.	6
Positive regulation of mitotic sister chromatid separation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic sister chromatid separation.	18
Positive regulation of monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of ions from one side of a membrane to the other.	157
Positive regulation of monoatomic ion transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	213
Positive regulation of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of monocyte chemotactic protein-1.	14
Positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis	Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.	21
Positive regulation of monocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.	10
Positive regulation of monocyte extravasation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.	5
Positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	73
Positive regulation of monooxygenase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a monooxygenase.	29
Positive regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.	36
Positive regulation of mucus secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.	5
Positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organism to reach its usual body size.	31
Positive regulation of muscle adaptation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.	10
Positive regulation of muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that increases the rate or frequency of muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a muscle cell and result in its death.	30
Positive regulation of muscle cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.	76
Positive regulation of muscle contraction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.	47
Positive regulation of muscle hypertrophy	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.	31
Positive regulation of muscle tissue development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.	24
Positive regulation of myelination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.	17
Positive regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.	10
Positive regulation of myeloid cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.	104
Positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the production of a cytokine that contributes to the immune response.	35
Positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.	60
Positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.	21
Positive regulation of myoblast differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	43
Positive regulation of myoblast fusion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.	16
Positive regulation of myoblast proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.	14
Positive regulation of myotube differentiation	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.	16
Positive regulation of natural killer cell activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.	26
Positive regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.	5
Positive regulation of natural killer cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.	8
Positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.	7
Positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.	34
Positive regulation of natural killer cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.	10
Positive regulation of necroptotic process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a necroptotic process, a necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.	8
Positive regulation of nervous system development	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nervous system development, the origin and formation of nervous tissue.	288
Positive regulation of nervous system process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process.	30
Positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.	63
Positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate of neuroblast proliferation.	37
Positive regulation of neurogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neurogenesis, the generation of cells within the nervous system.	240
Positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.	17
Positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cell death of neurons by apoptotic process.	55
Positive regulation of neuron differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.	94
Positive regulation of neuron migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.	19
Positive regulation of neuron projection arborization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches.	8
Positive regulation of neuron projection development	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection development. Neuron projection development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a neuron projection over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A neuron projection is any process extending from a neural cell, such as axons or dendrites (collectively called neurites).	157
Positive regulation of neuron projection regeneration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.	13
Positive regulation of neurotransmitter secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter.	17
Positive regulation of neurotransmitter transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	23
Positive regulation of neurotransmitter uptake	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.	6
Positive regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.	5
Positive regulation of neutrophil activation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.	6
Positive regulation of neutrophil migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.	34
Positive regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).	5
Positive regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nitric oxide metabolic process.	39
Positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.	18
Positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a nitric oxide synthase enzyme.	16
Positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB cascade.	67
Positive regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt-activated signaling pathway.	15
Positive regulation of non-motile cilium assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.	8
Positive regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.	6
Positive regulation of nuclear division	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.	60
Positive regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.	15
Positive regulation of nuclease activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.	7
Positive regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
Positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.	62
Positive regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.	14
Positive regulation of nucleotide metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.	19
Positive regulation of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway (NLR) pathway.	7
Positive regulation of odontogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.	7
Positive regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.	27
Positive regulation of opsonization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.	9
Positive regulation of organ growth	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.	49
Positive regulation of organelle assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.	84
Positive regulation of organic acid transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	46
Positive regulation of ossification	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.	53
Positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.	70
Positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.	13
Positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.	27
Positive regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	8
Positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered.	47
Positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.	31
Positive regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	Any process that decreases the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.	63
Positive regulation of peptidase activity	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidase activity, the hydrolysis of peptide bonds within proteins.	166
Positive regulation of peptide secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of peptide secretion.	111
Positive regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.	16
Positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.	104
Positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.	20
Positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.	29
Positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.	166
Positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.	9
Positive regulation of phagocytosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis.	70
Positive regulation of phosphatase activity	Any process that increases the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing inorganic phosphate.	28
Positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction.	167
Positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.	5
Positive regulation of phospholipase activity	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.	48
Positive regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.	10
Positive regulation of phospholipid metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.	13
Positive regulation of phospholipid translocation	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.	5
Positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase.	19
Positive regulation of pinocytosis	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.	7
Positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly.	110
Positive regulation of plasminogen activation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.	8
Positive regulation of platelet activation	Any process that increases the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.	10
Positive regulation of platelet aggregation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.	11
Positive regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.	5
Positive regulation of podosome assembly	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of podosome assembly.	11
Positive regulation of post-transcriptional gene silencing	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the inactivation of gene expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism.	15
Positive regulation of post-translational protein modification	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.	158
Positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.	37
Positive regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	21
Positive regulation of potassium ion transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	44
Positive regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.	136
Positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.	10
Positive regulation of prostaglandin biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostaglandin.	7
Positive regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteasomal protein catabolic process.	115
Positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.	92
Positive regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.	8
Positive regulation of protein acetylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.	23
Positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.	26
Positive regulation of protein binding	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.	61
Positive regulation of protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein by the destruction of the native, active configuration, with or without the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.	208
Positive regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.	6
Positive regulation of protein deacetylation	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic acid.	12
Positive regulation of protein dephosphorylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.	41
Positive regulation of protein depolymerization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.	19
Positive regulation of protein deubiquitination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination.	5
Positive regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.	14
Positive regulation of protein export from nucleus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of directed movement of proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	19
Positive regulation of protein glycosylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the glycosylation of one or more amino acid residues within a protein. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.	8
Positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.	40
Positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.	11
Positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling	Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.	9
Positive regulation of protein kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.	281
Positive regulation of protein localization to cell cortex	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.	6
Positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.	72
Positive regulation of protein localization to cell surface	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.	21
Positive regulation of protein localization to centrosome	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.	7
Positive regulation of protein localization to cilium	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.	7
Positive regulation of protein localization to early endosome	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to early endosome.	9
Positive regulation of protein localization to membrane	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.	103
Positive regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.	6
Positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.	93
Positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.	60
Positive regulation of protein localization to synapse	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.	6
Positive regulation of protein maturation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.	27
Positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal.	131
Positive regulation of protein monoubiquitination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.	5
Positive regulation of protein neddylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.	5
Positive regulation of protein polymerization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.	91
Positive regulation of protein polyubiquitination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.	17
Positive regulation of protein secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.	144
Positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.	141
Positive regulation of protein sumoylation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.	12
Positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.	28
Positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.	30
Positive regulation of protein ubiquitination	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.	109
Positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex assembly.	199
Positive regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.	36
Positive regulation of proteoglycan biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.	5
Positive regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process.	138
Positive regulation of pseudopodium assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of pseudopodia.	13
Positive regulation of pyroptosis	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of a pyroptotic inflammatory response.	5
Positive regulation of rRNA processing	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.	10
Positive regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.	17
Positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.	66
Positive regulation of receptor binding	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.	6
Positive regulation of receptor catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.	7
Positive regulation of receptor clustering	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor clustering.	6
Positive regulation of receptor internalization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.	28
Positive regulation of receptor recycling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor recycling.	14
Positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling pathway via STAT.	53
Positive regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.	54
Positive regulation of regulated secretory pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.	44
Positive regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of regulatory T cells.	23
Positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.	25
Positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.	41
Positive regulation of reproductive process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.	86
Positive regulation of respiratory burst	Any process that increases the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	9
Positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.	65
Positive regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.	36
Positive regulation of response to tumor cell	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.	16
Positive regulation of response to type II interferon	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.	6
Positive regulation of response to wounding	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.	75
Positive regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.	5
Positive regulation of ruffle assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.	15
Positive regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity	Any process that increases the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.	8
Positive regulation of sarcomere organization	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.	6
Positive regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolite biosynthetic process.	10
Positive regulation of sequestering of calcium ion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.	15
Positive regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.	9
Positive regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.	30
Positive regulation of signaling receptor activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling receptor activity.	31
Positive regulation of sister chromatid cohesion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.	9
Positive regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.	6
Positive regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.	9
Positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle tissue development.	20
Positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of skeletal muscle growth.	5
Positive regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration	Any process that activates or increase the rate of skeletal muscle regeneration.	5
Positive regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.	66
Positive regulation of small molecule metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a small molecule metabolic process.	145
Positive regulation of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.	15
Positive regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.	17
Positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migration	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell migration.	45
Positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the rate or extent of smooth muscle cell proliferation.	93
Positive regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.	30
Positive regulation of smoothened signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.	37
Positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.	19
Positive regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	15
Positive regulation of sodium ion transport	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	32
Positive regulation of sodium:proton antiporter activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a sodium:hydrogen antiporter, which catalyzes the reaction: Na+(out) + H+(in) = Na+(in) + H+(out).	5
Positive regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).	6
Positive regulation of spindle assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of spindle assembly.	8
Positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.	27
Positive regulation of stem cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.	21
Positive regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.	49
Positive regulation of stem cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation.	55
Positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.	11
Positive regulation of steroid metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.	27
Positive regulation of sterol transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	38
Positive regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.	5
Positive regulation of stress fiber assembly	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a stress fiber, a bundle of microfilaments and other proteins found in fibroblasts.	51
Positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.	124
Positive regulation of striated muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that increases the rate or extent of striated muscle cell apoptotic process, a form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death.	16
Positive regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.	50
Positive regulation of striated muscle contraction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.	14
Positive regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.	42
Positive regulation of sulfur metabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur or compounds containing sulfur.	5
Positive regulation of superoxide anion generation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.	16
Positive regulation of synapse assembly	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.	62
Positive regulation of synapse maturation	Any process that increases the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.	9
Positive regulation of synaptic plasticity	A process that increases synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.	11
Positive regulation of synaptic transmission	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse.	174
Positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	15
Positive regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	6
Positive regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.	35
Positive regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.	6
Positive regulation of synaptic vesicle fusion to presynaptic active zone membrane	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle fusion to the presynaptic membrane.	6
Positive regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.	8
Positive regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.	24
Positive regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	The process that increases the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system.	12
Positive regulation of tau-protein kinase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.	8
Positive regulation of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase RNA localization to Cajal body.	15
Positive regulation of telomerase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1).	34
Positive regulation of telomere capping	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.	17
Positive regulation of telomere maintenance	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.	70
Positive regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.	37
Positive regulation of the force of heart contraction	Any process that increases the force of heart muscle contraction.	5
Positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.	5
Positive regulation of tissue remodeling	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.	17
Positive regulation of tolerance induction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.	12
Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.	6
Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.	8
Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.	13
Positive regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.	6
Positive regulation of tooth mineralization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.	8
Positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.	35
Positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase III.	18
Positive regulation of transcription by glucose	Any process involving glucose that activates or increases the rate of transcription.	7
Positive regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.	49
Positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target	The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.	7
Positive regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.	10
Positive regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.	22
Positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta.	23
Positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.	8
Positive regulation of translation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.	141
Positive regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Any process that activates, or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.	5
Positive regulation of translation in response to stress	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.	7
Positive regulation of translational initiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.	30
Positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.	102
Positive regulation of transmembrane transport	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a solute from one side of a membrane to the other.	215
Positive regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.	6
Positive regulation of transporter activity	Any process that activates or increases the activity of a transporter.	94
Positive regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	13
Positive regulation of triglyceride catabolic process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.	8
Positive regulation of triglyceride lipase activity	Any process that increases the activity of triglyceride lipase.	9
Positive regulation of triglyceride metabolic process	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	21
Positive regulation of trophoblast cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of trophoblast cell migration.	7
Positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production.	108
Positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway.	13
Positive regulation of type 2 immune response	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.	18
Positive regulation of type I interferon production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of type I interferon production. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.	70
Positive regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that increases the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.	20
Positive regulation of type II interferon production	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of interferon-gamma production. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.	77
Positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the introduction of a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.	65
Positive regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.	9
Positive regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.	113
Positive regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	Any process that activates, maintains or increases the rate of ubiquitin transferase activity.	22
Positive regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.	9
Positive regulation of urine volume	Any process that increases the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.	13
Positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of uterine smooth muscle contraction.	7
Positive regulation of vacuole organization	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.	24
Positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process.	10
Positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.	11
Positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration.	21
Positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.	48
Positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial cell proliferation.	26
Positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor production	Any process that increases or activates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of vascular endothelial growth factor.	30
Positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	16
Positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway.	9
Positive regulation of vascular permeability	Any process that increases the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.	18
Positive regulation of vascular wound healing	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.	4
Positive regulation of vasculature development	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculature development.	178
Positive regulation of vasculogenesis	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.	12
Positive regulation of vasoconstriction	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vasoconstriction.	32
Positive regulation of vesicle fusion	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.	11
Positive regulation of vesicle transport along microtubule	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle transport along microtubule.	5
Positive regulation of viral genome replication	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.	31
Positive regulation of viral life cycle	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of viral life cycle.	24
Positive regulation of viral process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of a multi-organism process in which a virus is a participant.	64
Positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.	6
Positive regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.	7
Positive regulation of voltage-gated potassium channel activity	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated potassium channel activity.	12
Positive regulation of wound healing	Any process that increases the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.	60
Positive regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.	5
Positive thymic T cell selection	The process of sparing immature T cells in the thymus which react with self-MHC protein complexes with low affinity levels from apoptotic death.	14
Post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.	102
Post-anal tail morphogenesis	The process in which a post-anal tail is generated and organized. A post-anal tail is a muscular region of the body that extends posterior to the anus. The post-anal tail may aid locomotion and balance.	19
Post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway	Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.	7
Post-embryonic animal morphogenesis	The process, occurring after animal embryonic development, by which anatomical structures are generated and organized.	17
Post-embryonic camera-type eye development	The process occurring during the post-embryonic phase whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	8
Post-embryonic development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the organism over time, from the completion of embryonic development to the mature structure. See embryonic development.	94
Post-embryonic eye morphogenesis	The process, occurring after embryonic development, by which the anatomical structures of the eye are generated and organized. The eye is the organ of sight.	7
Post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane	The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.	16
Post-translational protein targeting to membrane, translocation	The process in which a protein translocates through the ER membrane posttranslationally.	8
Postreplication repair	The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.	35
Postsynapse assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynapse.	39
Postsynapse organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynapse.	195
Postsynapse to nucleus signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the postsynapse to the nucleus via cytoskeletal transport of a protein from a postsynapse to the component to the nucleus where it affects biochemical processes that occur in the nucleus (e.g DNA transcription, mRNA splicing, or DNA/histone modifications).	6
Postsynaptic cytoskeleton organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising cytoskeletal filaments and their associated proteins in the postsynaptic cytoskeleton.	20
Postsynaptic density assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane at excitatory synapse.	21
Postsynaptic density protein 95 clustering	The clustering process in which postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) molecules are localized to distinct domains in the cell membrane. PSD-95 is mostly located in the post synaptic density of neurons, and is involved in anchoring synaptic proteins.	9
Postsynaptic membrane assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic membrane, a specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).	10
Postsynaptic membrane organization	A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic membrane, the specialized area of membrane facing the presynaptic membrane on the tip of the nerve ending and separated from it by a minute cleft (the synaptic cleft).	39
Postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Any process, acting in the postsynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.	27
Postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization	A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the internalization of a neurotransmitter receptor from the postsynaptic membrane endocytic zone into an endocytic vesicle.	24
Postsynaptic signal transduction	Signal transduction in which the initial step occurs in a postsynapse.	39
Postsynaptic specialization assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic specialization, a region that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane.	27
Postsynaptic specialization organization	A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a postsynaptic specialization, a structure that lies adjacent to the cytoplasmic face of the postsynaptic membrane.	43
Potassium ion export across plasma membrane	The directed movement of potassium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.	20
Potassium ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of potassium ions within an organism or cell.	34
Potassium ion import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of potassium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	46
Potassium ion transport	The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	239
Pre-miRNA processing	A process involved in the conversion of a pre-microRNA transcript into a mature microRNA molecule.	17
Preassembly of GPI anchor in ER membrane	The stepwise addition of the components of the GPI anchor on to phosphatidylinositol lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.	8
Prenylation	The covalent attachment of a prenyl group to a molecule; geranyl, farnesyl, or geranylgeranyl groups may be added.	12
Prepulse inhibition	The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.	13
Presynapse organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynapse.	52
Presynaptic active zone organization	A process that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic active zone.	8
Presynaptic membrane organization	A process which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a presynaptic membrane, including any proteins associated with the membrane, but excluding other cellular components. A presynaptic membrane is a specialized area of membrane of the axon terminal that faces the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synaptic junction.	10
Presynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Any process, acting in the presynapse that results in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission.	32
Prevention of polyspermy	The negative regulation of fertilization process that takes place as part of egg activation, ensuring that only a single sperm fertilizes the egg.	7
Primary alcohol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.	14
Primary alcohol catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.	15
Primary alcohol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary alcohols. A primary alcohol is any alcohol in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.	106
Primary amino compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of primary amino compound.	6
Primary amino compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving primary amino compound.	14
Primary miRNA processing	A process involved in the conversion of a primary microRNA transcript into a pre-microRNA molecule.	20
Primitive erythrocyte differentiation	Erythrocyte differentiation which occurs as part of the process of primitive hemopoiesis.	5
Primitive hemopoiesis	A first transient wave of blood cell production that, in vertebrates, gives rise to erythrocytes (red blood cells) and myeloid cells.	9
Primitive streak formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the primitive streak from unspecified parts. The primitive streak is a ridge of cells running along the midline of the embryo where the mesoderm ingresses. It defines the anterior-posterior axis.	11
Pro-B cell differentiation	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a pro-B cell. Pro-B cells are the earliest stage of the B cell lineage and undergo heavy chain D and J gene rearrangements, although they are not fully committed.	12
Production of molecular mediator involved in inflammatory response	The synthesis or release of any molecular mediator of the inflammatory response following an inflammatory stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	104
Progesterone biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.	6
Progesterone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.	16
Progesterone receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a progesterone binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	10
Programmed cell death in response to reactive oxygen species	Cell death resulting from activation of endogenous cellular processes and occurring as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.	14
Programmed cell death involved in cell development	The activation of endogenous cellular processes that result in the death of a cell as part of its development.	25
Programmed necrotic cell death	A necrotic cell death process that results from the activation of endogenous cellular processes, such as signaling involving death domain receptors or Toll-like receptors.	56
Prolactin secretion	The regulated release of prolactin, a peptide hormone that stimulates lactation, from secretory granules in the anterior pituitary.	5
Proline import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of proline from outside of a cell into the cytoplasmic compartment.	5
Proline metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.	10
Proline transmembrane transport	The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, across a membrane by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	12
Proline transport	The directed movement of proline, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	13
Pronephros development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pronephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the pronephros is the first of the three embryonic kidneys to be established and exists only transiently. In lower vertebrates such as fish and amphibia, the pronephros is the fully functional embryonic kidney and is indispensable for larval life.	9
Propionate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving propionate, the anion derived from propionic (propanoic) acid, a carboxylic acid important in the energy metabolism of ruminants.	5
Proprioception	The series of events by which an organism senses the position, location, orientation, and movement of the body and its parts. Proprioception is mediated by proprioceptors, sensory nerve terminals found in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules, which give information concerning movements and position of the body. The receptors in the labyrinth are sometimes also considered proprioceptors.	5
Prostaglandin secretion	The regulated release of a prostaglandin, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring, from a cell or a tissue.	17
Prostaglandin transport	The directed movement of prostaglandins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	28
Prostanoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.	32
Prostanoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.	50
Prostate gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the prostate gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The prostate gland is a partly muscular, partly glandular body that is situated near the base of the mammalian male urethra and secretes an alkaline viscid fluid which is a major constituent of the ejaculatory fluid.	50
Prostate gland growth	The increase in size or mass of the prostate gland where the increase in size or mass has the specific outcome of the progression of the gland, from its formation to its mature state.	11
Prostate gland morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of a prostate gland are generated and organized.	28
Prostate glandular acinus development	The progression of a glandular acinus of the prostate gland over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.	10
Prostate glandular acinus morphogenesis	The process in which the prostate glandular acini are generated and organized. The glandular acini are the saclike structures of the gland.	6
Prostatic bud formation	The morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.	9
Prosthetic group metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a prosthetic group, the non-amino acid portion of certain protein molecules. Prosthetic groups may be inorganic or organic and are usually required for the biological activity of the protein.	6
Proteasome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a mature, active proteasome complex.	12
Protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity	The process of protecting a cell from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity.	6
Protection from non-homologous end joining at telomere	A process that prevents non-homologous end joining at telomere, thereby ensuring that telomeres do not fuse.	8
Protein C-linked glycosylation	A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via a C atom.	6
Protein K11-linked deubiquitination	A protein deubiquitination process in which a K11-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.	10
Protein K11-linked ubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which ubiquitin monomers are attached to a protein, and then ubiquitin polymers are formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 11 of the ubiquitin monomers. K11-linked polyubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation. The anaphase-promoting complex promotes the degradation of mitotic regulators by assembling K11-linked polyubiquitin chains.	30
Protein K27-linked ubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 27 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein.	7
Protein K29-linked deubiquitination	A protein deubiquitination process in which a K29-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.	5
Protein K29-linked ubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 29 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K29-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.	7
Protein K48-linked deubiquitination	A protein deubiquitination process in which a K48-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.	27
Protein K48-linked ubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.	65
Protein K6-linked ubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 6 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K6-linked ubiquitination is involved in DNA repair.	11
Protein K63-linked deubiquitination	A protein deubiquitination process in which a K63-linked ubiquitin chain, i.e. a polymer of ubiquitin formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is removed from a protein.	31
Protein K63-linked ubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 63 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K63-linked ubiquitination does not target the substrate protein for degradation, but is involved in several pathways, notably as a signal to promote error-free DNA postreplication repair.	59
Protein N-linked glycosylation	A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.	70
Protein N-linked glycosylation via asparagine	The glycosylation of protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine forming N4-glycosyl-L-asparagine; the most common form is N-acetylglucosaminyl asparagine; N-acetylgalactosaminyl asparagine and N4 glucosyl asparagine also occur. This modification typically occurs in extracellular peptides with an N-X-(ST) motif. Partial modification has been observed to occur with cysteine, rather than serine or threonine, in the third position; secondary structure features are important, and proline in the second or fourth positions inhibits modification.	24
Protein O-linked glycosylation	A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.	98
Protein O-linked glycosylation via serine	The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-serine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-serine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, galactosyl, and xylosyl serine.	10
Protein O-linked glycosylation via threonine	The glycosylation of protein via the O3 atom of peptidyl-threonine, forming O3-glycosyl-L-threonine; the most common forms are N-acetylgalactosaminyl, mannosyl, and galactosyl threonine.	10
Protein O-linked mannosylation	The transfer of mannose from dolichyl activated mannose to the hydroxyl group of a seryl or threonyl residue of a protein acceptor molecule, to form an O-linked protein-sugar linkage.	17
Protein acetylation	The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic acid.	104
Protein activation cascade	A sequential series of modifications to a set of proteins where the product of one reaction catalyzes the following reaction, ultimately leading to the generation of a mature protein. Modifications typically include proteolysis or covalent modification, and may also include binding events.	19
Protein acylation	The addition of an acyl group, any group or radical of the form RCO- where R is an organic group, to a protein amino acid.	145
Protein auto-ADP-ribosylation	The ADP-ribosylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein.	11
Protein autophosphorylation	The phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues (cis-autophosphorylation), or residues on an identical protein (trans-autophosphorylation).	199
Protein autoprocessing	Processing which a protein carries out itself. This involves actions such as the autolytic removal of residues to generate the mature form of the protein.	28
Protein autoubiquitination	The ubiquitination by a protein of one or more of its own amino acid residues, or residues on an identical protein. Ubiquitination occurs on the lysine residue by formation of an isopeptide crosslink.	68
Protein catabolic process in the vacuole	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.	23
Protein complex oligomerization	The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.	255
Protein de-ADP-ribosylation	The process of removing one or more ADP-ribose residues from a protein.	5
Protein deacetylation	The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic acid.	58
Protein deglutamylation	The removal of a glutamate residue from a protein. Glutamate residues in proteins can be gene-encoded, or added as side chains during the protein modification process of polyglutamylation.	7
Protein deglycosylation	The removal of sugar residues from a glycosylated protein.	15
Protein delipidation	The breakage of covalent bonds to detach lipid groups from a protein.	5
Protein demethylation	The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.	12
Protein deneddylation	The removal of a ubiquitin-like protein of the NEDD8 type from a protein.	11
Protein depalmitoylation	The removal of palymitoyl groups from a lipoprotein.	8
Protein dephosphorylation	The process of removing one or more phosphoric residues from a protein.	203
Protein depolymerization	The process in which protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers, are broken down. Depolymerization occurs by the successive removal of monomers from an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.	116
Protein destabilization	Any process that decreases the stability of a protein, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes or aggregation.	49
Protein desumoylation	The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is cleaved from its target protein.	8
Protein deubiquitination involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	The removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein as part of a process of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism.	8
Protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum	The directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.	50
Protein export from nucleus	The directed movement of a protein from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	61
Protein folding	The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.	223
Protein folding in endoplasmic reticulum	A protein folding process that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Secreted, plasma membrane and organelle proteins are folded in the ER, assisted by chaperones and foldases (protein disulphide isomerases), and additional factors required for optimal folding (ATP, Ca2+ and an oxidizing environment to allow disulfide bond formation).	12
Protein geranylgeranylation	The covalent attachment of a geranylgeranyl group to a protein.	7
Protein heterooligomerization	The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers that are not all identical. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.	28
Protein heterotetramerization	The formation of a protein heterotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated subunits, of which not all are identical.	15
Protein hexamerization	The formation of a protein hexamer, a macromolecular structure consisting of six noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.	9
Protein histidyl modification to diphthamide	The modification of peptidyl-histidine to 2'-(3-carboxamido-3-(trimethylammonio)propyl)-L-histidine, known as diphthamide, found in translation elongation factor EF-2. The process occurs in eukaryotes and archaea but not eubacteria.	6
Protein homooligomerization	The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer.	194
Protein homotetramerization	The formation of a protein homotetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical subunits.	59
Protein hydroxylation	The addition of a hydroxy group to a protein amino acid.	23
Protein import	The targeting and directed movement of proteins into a cell or organelle. Not all import involves an initial targeting event.	8
Protein import into mitochondrial matrix	The import of proteins across the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes into the matrix. Unfolded proteins enter the mitochondrial matrix with a chaperone protein; the information required to target the precursor protein from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix is contained within its N-terminal matrix-targeting sequence. Translocation of precursors to the matrix occurs at the rare sites where the outer and inner membranes are close together.	20
Protein import into peroxisome matrix	The import of proteins into the peroxisomal matrix. A peroxisome targeting signal (PTS) binds to a soluble receptor protein in the cytosol, and the resulting complex then binds to a receptor protein in the peroxisome membrane and is imported. The cargo protein is then released into the peroxisome matrix.	15
Protein import into peroxisome matrix, receptor recycling	The process in which peroxisome targeting sequence receptors dissociates from cargo proteins and are returned to the cytosol.	7
Protein import into peroxisome matrix, substrate release	The process by which the cargo protein is released into the peroxisomal matrix, following translocation across the membrane.	5
Protein import into peroxisome membrane	The targeting of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane. The process is not well understood, but both signals and mechanism differ from those involved in peroxisomal matrix protein import.	6
Protein insertion into ER membrane	The process that results in incorporation of a protein into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. It depends on specific topogenic sequences of amino acids that ensure that a protein acquires the proper orientation during its insertion into the ER membrane.	31
Protein insertion into ER membrane by stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequence	A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which stop-transfer membrane-anchor sequences become an ER membrane spanning helix.	11
Protein insertion into membrane	The process that results in the incorporation of a protein into a biological membrane. Incorporation in this context means having some part or covalently attached group that is inserted into the the hydrophobic region of one or both bilayers.	77
Protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane	The processes mediating the insertion of proteins into the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mitochondrial inner membrane proteins can get inserted from the cytosol, by crossing the outer membrane and being guided by an inner membrane translocase complex into their final destination in the inner membrane. Some proteins present in the intermembrane space can get inserted into the inner mitochondrial membrane. Finally, some proteins are inserted into the inner membrane from the matrix side of the membrane.	13
Protein kinase A signaling	An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with the activation of protein kinase A (PKA), and ends with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. The PKA catalytic subunit (PKA-C) is normally present in a complex with its regulatory subunit, PKA-R. The inhibitory action of PKA-R is released upon cAMP binding, which results in the activation of PKA-C.	37
Protein kinase C signaling	A series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.	35
Protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).	27
Protein linear polyubiquitination	A protein ubiquitination process in which a linear polymer of ubiquitin, formed by the amino-terminal methionine (M1) of one ubiquitin molecule and by the carboxy-terminal glycine (G76) of the next, is added to a protein.	5
Protein lipoylation	The lipoylation of peptidyl-lysine to form peptidyl-N6-lipoyl-L-lysine.	5
Protein localization to CENP-A containing chromatin	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, CENP-A containing chromatin.	17
Protein localization to Golgi apparatus	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the Golgi apparatus.	30
Protein localization to Golgi membrane	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a Golgi membrane.	5
Protein localization to adherens junction	Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the adherens junction.	6
Protein localization to axon	A process in which a protein is transported to or maintained in a location within an axon.	9
Protein localization to basolateral plasma membrane	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, basolateral regions of the plasma membrane.	8
Protein localization to bicellular tight junction	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a bicellular tight junction.	5
Protein localization to cell cortex	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the cell cortex.	11
Protein localization to cell junction	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell junction.	108
Protein localization to cell leading edge	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cell leading edge.	5
Protein localization to cell surface	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the external part of the cell wall and/or plasma membrane.	68
Protein localization to cell-cell junction	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained, in a location within a cell-cell junction.	22
Protein localization to chromatin	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a part of a chromosome that is organized into chromatin.	58
Protein localization to chromosome	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a specific location on a chromosome.	118
Protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the centromeric region of a chromosome.	39
Protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the telomeric region of a chromosome.	31
Protein localization to ciliary membrane	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary membrane.	12
Protein localization to ciliary transition zone	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a ciliary transition zone.	8
Protein localization to cilium	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cilium.	70
Protein localization to condensed chromosome	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a condensed chromosome.	15
Protein localization to cytoplasmic stress granule	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a cytoplasmic stress granule.	8
Protein localization to cytoskeleton	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the cytoskeleton.	59
Protein localization to early endosome	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an early endosome.	12
Protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the endoplasmic reticulum.	73
Protein localization to endoplasmic reticulum exit site	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location at an endoplasmic reticulum exit site.	8
Protein localization to endosome	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within an endosome.	27
Protein localization to lysosome	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a lysosome.	59
Protein localization to membrane raft	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a membrane raft.	10
Protein localization to microtubule	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a microtubule.	19
Protein localization to microtubule organizing center	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a microtubule organizing center.	35
Protein localization to mitochondrion	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the mitochondrion.	131
Protein localization to non-motile cilium	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.	13
Protein localization to nuclear body	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nuclear body.	12
Protein localization to nuclear envelope	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location within a nuclear envelope.	13
Protein localization to nucleolus	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a nucleolus.	18
Protein localization to nucleoplasm	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the nucleoplasm.	14
Protein localization to perinuclear region of cytoplasm	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm.	7
Protein localization to phagophore assembly site	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, the phagophore assembly site (PAS).	16
Protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a photoreceptor outer segment.	7
Protein localization to plasma membrane	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location in the plasma membrane.	283
Protein localization to plasma membrane raft	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a plasma membrane raft.	5
Protein localization to postsynapse	Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the postsynapse, the part of a synapse that is part of the post-synaptic cell.	45
Protein localization to presynapse	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a presynapse.	11
Protein localization to site of double-strand break	Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a region of a chromosome at which a DNA double-strand break has occurred.	6
Protein localization to synapse	Any process in which a protein is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.	78
Protein localization to vacuole	A process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained at, a location in a vacuole.	87
Protein maturation by [4Fe-4S] cluster transfer	The transfer of an assembled 4Fe-4S] cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.	7
Protein maturation by iron-sulfur cluster transfer	The transfer of an assembled iron-sulfur cluster from a scaffold protein to an acceptor protein that contributes to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.	17
Protein maturation by protein folding	The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure that results in the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.	8
Protein methylation	The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.	79
Protein modification by small protein removal	A protein modification process in which one or more covalently attached groups of a small protein, such as ubiquitin or a ubiquitin-like protein, are removed from a target protein.	134
Protein monoubiquitination	Addition of a single ubiquitin group to a protein.	43
Protein neddylation	Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 (RUB1) to another protein.	28
Protein nitrosylation	The covalent addition of a nitric oxide group to an amino acid within a protein.	16
Protein oxidation	The modification of a protein amino acid by oxidation.	13
Protein palmitoylation	The covalent attachment of a palmitoyl group to a protein.	32
Protein peptidyl-prolyl isomerization	The modification of a protein by cis-trans isomerization of a proline residue.	26
Protein poly-ADP-ribosylation	The transfer of multiple ADP-ribose residues from NAD to a protein amino acid, forming a poly(ADP-ribose) chain.	10
Protein polyglutamylation	The addition of one or more alpha-linked glutamyl units to the gamma carboxyl group of peptidyl-glutamic acid.	11
Protein polymerization	The process of creating protein polymers, compounds composed of a large number of component monomers; polymeric proteins may be made up of different or identical monomers. Polymerization occurs by the addition of extra monomers to an existing poly- or oligomeric protein.	285
Protein polyubiquitination	Addition of multiple ubiquitin groups to a protein, forming a ubiquitin chain.	226
Protein polyufmylation	Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to a protein, forming an UFM1 chain.	5
Protein processing	Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a protein. Protein maturation is the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a protein.	243
Protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion	The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.	7
Protein quality control for misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of misfolded or attenuated proteins.	31
Protein refolding	The process carried out by a cell that restores the biological activity of an unfolded or misfolded protein, using helper proteins such as chaperones.	27
Protein repair	The process of restoring a protein to its original state after damage by such things as oxidation or spontaneous decomposition of residues.	7
Protein retention in ER lumen	The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.	8
Protein retention in Golgi apparatus	The retention of proteins within the Golgi apparatus. Golgi-localized carbohydrate-modifying enzymes have a short N-terminal domain that faces the cytosol, a single transmembrane alpha helix, and a large C-terminal domain that faces the Golgi lumen and that contains the catalytic site. How the membrane-spanning alpha helix in a Golgi enzyme causes its localization and prevents its movement to the plasma membrane is not known.	5
Protein sialylation	A protein modification process that results in the addition of a sialic acid unit to the end of an oligosaccharide chain in a glycoprotein.	5
Protein side chain deglutamylation	The removal of a glutamate residue from the side chain of a protein. Glutamate side chains are added to glutamic acid residues within the primary protein sequence during polyglutamylation.	5
Protein stabilization	Any process involved in maintaining the structure and integrity of a protein and preventing it from degradation or aggregation.	213
Protein sulfation	The addition of a sulfate group as an ester to a protein amino acid.	6
Protein sumoylation	The process in which a SUMO protein (small ubiquitin-related modifier) is conjugated to a target protein via an isopeptide bond between the carboxy-terminus of SUMO with an epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue of the target protein.	68
Protein targeting to lysosome	The process of directing proteins towards the lysosome using signals contained within the protein.	33
Protein targeting to membrane	The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.	130
Protein targeting to mitochondrion	The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.	106
Protein targeting to peroxisome	The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.	20
Protein targeting to vacuole	The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.	48
Protein targeting to vacuole involved in autophagy	The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole using signals contained within the protein, occurring as part of autophagy, the process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm.	6
Protein tetramerization	The formation of a protein tetramer, a macromolecular structure consisting of four noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.	90
Protein to membrane docking	The initial attachment of a protein to a target membrane, mediated by a proteins protruding from the target membrane. Docking requires only that the proteins come close enough to interact and adhere.	5
Protein transmembrane import into intracellular organelle	The directed movement of proteins into an intracellular organelle, across a membrane.	38
Protein transmembrane transport	The process in which a protein is transported across a membrane.	67
Protein transport into membrane raft	The directed movement of a protein into a membrane raft. Membrane rafts are small (10-200 nm), heterogeneous, highly dynamic, sterol- and sphingolipid-enriched membrane domains that compartmentalize cellular processes.	5
Protein transport to vacuole involved in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway	The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole that contributes to protein catabolism via the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway.	15
Protein transport within lipid bilayer	The directed movement of a protein from one location to another within a lipid bilayer.	7
Protein trimerization	The formation of a protein trimer, a macromolecular structure consisting of three noncovalently associated identical or nonidentical subunits.	17
Protein ufmylation	Covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein UFM1 to another protein.	6
Protein unfolding	The process of assisting in the disassembly of non-covalent linkages in a protein or protein aggregate, often where the proteins are in a non-functional or denatured state.	5
Protein-DNA complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and DNA molecules to form a protein-DNA complex.	228
Protein-DNA complex disassembly	The disaggregation of a protein-DNA complex into its constituent components.	20
Protein-DNA covalent cross-linking repair	The removal of covalent cross-link between DNA and a protein.	7
Protein-RNA complex disassembly	The disaggregation of a protein-RNA complex into its constituent components.	8
Protein-RNA complex organization	Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a ribonucleoprotein complex.	235
Protein-containing complex disassembly	The disaggregation of a protein-containing macromolecular complex into its constituent components.	248
Protein-containing complex localization	A localization process that acts on a protein complex; the complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	186
Protein-containing complex remodeling	The acquisition, loss, or modification of macromolecules within a complex, resulting in the alteration of an existing complex.	36
Protein-lipid complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and lipids to form a protein-lipid complex.	29
Protein-lipid complex organization	Any process in which macromolecules aggregate, disaggregate, or are modified, resulting in the formation, disassembly, or alteration of a protein-lipid complex.	53
Proteoglycan biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.	65
Proteoglycan catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.	11
Proteoglycan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.	90
Proton motive force-driven ATP synthesis	The transport of protons across a membrane to generate an electrochemical gradient (proton-motive force) that powers ATP synthesis.	74
Proton transmembrane transport	The directed movement of a proton across a membrane.	160
Proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across a concentration gradient.	8
Proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, a large protein complex that catalyzes the synthesis or hydrolysis of ATP by a rotational mechanism, coupled to the transport of protons across a membrane.	16
Protoporphyrinogen IX biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of protoporphyrinogen IX.	9
Protoporphyrinogen IX metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving protoporphyrinogen IX, the specific substrate for the enzyme ferrochelatase, which catalyzes the insertion of iron to form protoheme. It is probably also the substrate for chlorophyll formation.	11
Proximal tubule development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the proximal tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In mammals, the proximal tubule is a nephron tubule that connects Bowman's capsule to the descending thin limb of the loop of Henle. It has a brush border epithelial morphology.	10
Proximal/distal pattern formation	The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from main body (proximal end) of an organism outward (distal end).	34
Proximal/distal pattern formation involved in nephron development	The regionalization process in which specific areas of cell differentiation are determined along a proximal/distal axis of a nephron. The proximal/distal axis is defined by a line that runs from the center of the kidney (proximal end) outward (distal end).	5
Pseudopodium organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a pseudopodium, a temporary protrusion or retractile process of a cell, associated with cellular movement.	17
Pseudouridine synthesis	The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine within an RNA molecule.	18
Psychomotor behavior	The specific behavior of an organism that combines cognitive functions and physical movement. For example, driving a car, throwing a ball, or playing a musical instrument.	5
Pteridine-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.	13
Pteridine-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any compound containing pteridine (pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine)), e.g. pteroic acid, xanthopterin and folic acid.	33
Pulmonary artery morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the pulmonary artery are generated and organized. The pulmonary artery is the artery that carries blood from the heart to the lungs.	6
Pulmonary valve development	The progression of the pulmonary valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	23
Pulmonary valve morphogenesis	The process in which the structure of the pulmonary valve is generated and organized.	19
Purine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	5
Purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	6
Purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	10
Purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	6
Purine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	5
Purine deoxyribonucleotide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	10
Purine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of deoxyribonucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	16
Purine nucleobase biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.	11
Purine nucleobase metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.	21
Purine nucleobase transmembrane transport	The process in which a purine nucleobase is transported across a membrane.	8
Purine nucleoside biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	11
Purine nucleoside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	8
Purine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	6
Purine nucleoside diphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	5
Purine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	20
Purine nucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	26
Purine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	21
Purine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	11
Purine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	43
Purine nucleoside transmembrane transport	The process in which a purine nucleoside is transported across a membrane. A purine nucleoside is a purine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar.	5
Purine nucleoside triphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a purine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	5
Purine nucleotide salvage	Any process which produces a purine nucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.	11
Purine nucleotide transport	The directed movement of a purine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a purine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.	39
Purine ribonucleoside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any purine ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.	6
Purine ribonucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.	21
Purine ribonucleoside salvage	Any process which produces a purine nucleoside from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.	7
Purine ribonucleotide salvage	Any process which produces a purine ribonucleotide from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.	8
Purine-containing compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.	61
Purine-containing compound salvage	Any process that generates a purine-containing compound, any nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a purine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.	15
Purine-containing compound transmembrane transport	The process in which a purine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A purine-containing compound is any compound that contains purine or a formal derivative thereof.	38
Purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular purine nucleotide binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	32
Purkinje myocyte to ventricular cardiac muscle cell communication	The process that mediates interactions between a Purkinje myocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the Purkinje myocyte communicating with a ventricular cardiac muscle cell in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.	6
Putrescine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be synthesized from arginine or ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.	5
Putrescine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving putrescine, 1,4-diaminobutane; putrescine can be formed by decarboxylation of ornithine and is the metabolic precursor of spermidine and spermine.	8
Pyramidal neuron development	The progression of a pyramidal neuron from its initial formation to its mature state.	11
Pyramidal neuron differentiation	The process in which a neuroblast or one of its progeny commits to a pyramidal neuron fate, migrates from the ventricular zone to the appropriate layer in the cortex and develops into a mature neuron.	13
Pyridine nucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine nucleotide, a nucleotide characterized by a pyridine derivative as a nitrogen base.	28
Pyridine-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.	31
Pyridine-containing compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.	8
Pyridine-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyridine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyridine or a formal derivative thereof.	86
Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	5
Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxynucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	11
Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	6
Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	6
Pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine deoxynucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	23
Pyrimidine dimer repair	The repair of UV-induced T-T, C-T and C-C dimers.	9
Pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.	8
Pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.	8
Pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.	21
Pyrimidine nucleoside biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	5
Pyrimidine nucleoside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	16
Pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	6
Pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	9
Pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).	24
Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	15
Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	8
Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	21
Pyrimidine nucleoside transport	The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleoside, a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
Pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	19
Pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose or deoxyribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	24
Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	32
Pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	21
Pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	53
Pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	7
Pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	12
Pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	16
Pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	15
Pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine ribonucleoside triphosphate, a compound consisting of a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar esterified with triphosphate on the sugar.	18
Pyrimidine ribonucleotide biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	24
Pyrimidine ribonucleotide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	8
Pyrimidine ribonucleotide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	32
Pyrimidine-containing compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.	42
Pyrimidine-containing compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.	42
Pyrimidine-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine-containing compound, i.e. any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.	89
Pyrimidine-containing compound salvage	Any process that generates a pyrimidine-containing compound, a nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide or nucleic acid that contains a pyrimidine base, from derivatives of them without de novo synthesis.	7
Pyrimidine-containing compound transmembrane transport	The process in which a pyrimidine-containing compound is transported across a membrane. A pyrimidine-containing compound is any compound that contains pyrimidine or a formal derivative thereof.	16
Pyroptosis	A gasdermin-dependent inflammatory response that is associated with the generation of pyrogenic mediators such as IL-1beta and IL-18. Gasdermins are activated by caspase-1 or caspase-4/11, or by certain granzymes. In some, but not all cells, it can lead to pyroptotic programmed cell death.	36
Pyruvate family amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino acid that requires pyruvate for its synthesis, e.g. alanine.	5
Pyruvate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyruvate, 2-oxopropanoate.	118
Pyruvate transport	The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Quaternary ammonium group transport	The directed movement into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore of quaternary ammonium compounds, any compound that can be regarded as derived from ammonium hydroxide or an ammonium salt by replacement of all four hydrogen atoms of the NH4+ ion by organic groups.	30
Quinolinate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinolinate, the anion of quinolinic acid, also known as 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid.	5
Quinone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving quinone.	39
R-loop processing	A DNA metabolic process that results in the disassembly of R-loops. R-loops are three-stranded nucleic acid structures consisitng of an RNA:DNA heteroduplex and a looped-out non-template strand. Aberrant formation and persistence of R-loops block transcription elongation and cause DNA damage. Mechanisms that resolve R-loops are essential for genome stability.	6
RIG-I signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding ssRNA or dsRNA from another organism to the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) RIG-1 (also known as DDX58). RIG-I detects RNA synthesized during viral replication or shed by non-viral pathogens, and triggers a signaling pathway to protect the host against infection, for example by inducing the expression of cytokines.	26
RISC complex assembly	The process in which a single-stranded small RNA is incorporated within the RNA-initiated silencing complex (RISC). The assembly includes the maturation of the small RNA, the stabilization of the complex by accessory proteins of the RISC complex, duplex separation and the release of the second strand, forming a base-pairing complement complex that mediates gene silencing by small RNA.	10
RNA (guanine-N7)-methylation	The addition of a methyl group to the N7 atom in the base portion of a guanine nucleotide residue in an RNA molecule.	7
RNA 3' uridylation	The enzymatic addition of a sequence of uridylyl residues at the 3' end of an RNA molecule.	5
RNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an RNA molecule.	96
RNA 5'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an RNA molecule.	22
RNA 5'-splice site recognition	Recognition of the intron 5'-splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.	21
RNA capping	The sequence of enzymatic reactions by which a cap structure is added to the 5' end of nascent RNA polymerase transcripts. Examples of RNA capping include 7-methyl-G caps found on all RNA polymerase II transcripts and nucleotide-containing cofactor caps, such as NAD(H) or FAD, found on bacterial trancripts.	37
RNA decapping	Cleavage of the 5'-cap of an RNA.	19
RNA destabilization	Any process that decreases the stability of an RNA molecule, making it more vulnerable to degradative processes.	152
RNA export from nucleus	The directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	92
RNA import into mitochondrion	The process in which a rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, is transported from the cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix.	5
RNA localization	A process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	197
RNA methylation	Posttranscriptional addition of a methyl group to either a nucleotide or 2'-O ribose in a polyribonucleotide. Usually uses S-adenosylmethionine as a cofactor.	92
RNA modification	The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.	179
RNA polymerase I preinitiation complex assembly	The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC) (which includes including UBF, SL1, RRN3 and TBP in human). The PIC engages RNA polymerase I on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides.	10
RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly	The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC) (which may include TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and TFIIH complexes). The PIC engages RNA polymerase II on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides of the nascent transcript, of which 8 are base-paired with the DNA template within a DNA bubble. PIC assembly may result in a pause step, which marks the end of the PIC assembly and may be followed by promoter clearance (exact synonym: promoter escape). For RNA polymerase II PIC assembly is preceded by the formation of a nucleosome-free region that allows the transcription machinery to access the promoter DNA.	58
RNA secondary structure unwinding	The process in which a secondary structure of RNA are broken or 'melted'.	9
RNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation	Splicing of RNA via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.	14
RNA stabilization	Prevention of degradation of RNA molecules.	73
RNA surveillance	A process that identifies and degrades defective or aberrant RNAs.	17
RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process	A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.	70
Rab protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rab subfamily relays a signal.	21
Rac protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rac subfamily relays a signal.	42
Radial glia-guided pyramidal neuron migration	The radial migration of a pyramidal neuron along radial glial cells.	6
Radial glial cell differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells of the neural tube give rise to radial glial cells, specialized bipotential progenitors cells of the brain. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	14
Rap protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rap subfamily relays a signal.	14
Reactive gliosis	A neuroinflammatory response, occurring over several days, during which glial cells undergo nonspecific reactive changes in response to damage to the central nervous system (CNS); typically involves the proliferation or hypertrophy of different types of glial cells.	6
Reactive nitrogen species metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive nitrogen species.	78
Reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen.	56
Reactive oxygen species metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a reactive oxygen species, any molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of phagocytes, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to biopolymers.	232
Receptor catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.	28
Receptor clustering	The receptor metabolic process that results in grouping of a set of receptors at a cellular location, often to amplify the sensitivity of a signaling response.	57
Receptor diffusion trapping	The process by which a membrane receptor, diffusing freely within the plasma membeane, becomes trapped in some plasma membrane region. This can happen when a receptor bind, directly or indirectly, to some component of the underlying matrix.	10
Receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	10
Receptor internalization	A receptor-mediated endocytosis process that results in the movement of receptors from the plasma membrane to the inside of the cell. The process begins when cell surface receptors are monoubiquitinated following ligand-induced activation. Receptors are subsequently taken up into endocytic vesicles from where they are either targeted to the lysosome or vacuole for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane.	128
Receptor localization to non-motile cilium	A process in which a receptor is transported to, or maintained in, a location within a non-motile cilium.	5
Receptor localization to synapse	Any process in which a receptor is transported to, and/or maintained at the synapse, the junction between a nerve fiber of one neuron and another neuron or muscle fiber or glial cell.	62
Receptor metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a receptor molecule, a macromolecule that undergoes combination with a hormone, neurotransmitter, drug or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell function.	73
Receptor recycling	The process that results in the return of receptor molecules to an active state and an active cellular location after they have been stimulated by a ligand. An active state is when the receptor is ready to receive a signal.	47
Receptor transactivation	The process in which a receptor is activated by another receptor. Receptor transactivation can occur through different mechanisms and includes cross-talk between signaling pathways where one receptor activates a receptor for a different ligand, and also activation of subunits within a receptor oligomer.	5
Receptor-mediated endocytosis	An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.	260
Receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport	A receptor-mediated endocytosis process involved in intracellular cholesterol transport.	7
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell	Any receptor-mediated endocytosis that is involved in the uptake of a virus into a host cell; successive instances of virus endocytosis result in the accumulation of virus particles within the cell.	11
Receptor-mediated virion attachment to host cell	The process by which a virion attaches to a host cell by binding to a receptor on the host cell surface.	6
Recognition of apoptotic cell	The process in which a cell interprets signals (in the form of specific proteins and lipids) on the surface of a dying cell which it will engulf and remove by phagocytosis.	7
Recombinational repair	A DNA repair process that involves the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the broken DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region.	179
Reduction of food intake in response to dietary excess	An eating behavior process whereby detection of a dietary excess results in a decrease in intake of nutrients.	5
Reelin-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of reelin (a secreted glycoprotein) to a receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	7
Reflex	An automatic response to a stimulus beginning with a nerve impulse from a receptor and ending with the action of an effector such as a gland or a muscle. Signaling never reaches a level of consciousness.	21
Regeneration	The regrowth of a lost or destroyed body part, such as an organ or tissue. This process may occur via renewal, repair, and/or growth alone (i.e. increase in size or mass).	190
Regulated exocytosis	A process of exocytosis in which soluble proteins and other substances are initially stored in secretory vesicles for later release. It is found mainly in cells that are specialized for secreting products such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or digestive enzymes rapidly on demand.	227
Regulation by virus of viral protein levels in host cell	Any virus-mediated process that modulates the levels of viral proteins in a cell.	7
Regulation of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of 3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization.	6
Regulation of AMPA receptor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of AMPA selective glutamate receptor activity.	25
Regulation of ATP biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP biosynthetic process.	17
Regulation of ATP metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ATP metabolic process.	22
Regulation of ATP-dependent activity	Any process that modulates the rate of an ATP-dependent activity.	65
Regulation of ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an ATPase-coupled calcium transmembrane transporter activity.	7
Regulation of Arp2/3 complex-mediated actin nucleation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation mediated by the Arp2/3 complex and interacting proteins.	31
Regulation of B cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell activation.	130
Regulation of B cell apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell apoptotic process.	21
Regulation of B cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell differentiation.	33
Regulation of B cell mediated immunity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of B cell mediated immunity.	64
Regulation of B cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of B cell proliferation.	65
Regulation of B cell receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B cell.	20
Regulation of BMP signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any BMP receptor signaling pathway.	117
Regulation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of differentiation of CD4-positive, CD25-positive, alpha-beta regulatory T cells.	7
Regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.	78
Regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	56
Regulation of CD40 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via the CD40 signaling pathway.	6
Regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation.	21
Regulation of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	8
Regulation of Cdc42 protein signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Cdc42 protein signal transduction.	8
Regulation of CoA-transferase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of CoA-transferase activity.	10
Regulation of DNA binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA binding. DNA binding is any process in which a gene product interacts selectively with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).	85
Regulation of DNA biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA biosynthetic process.	121
Regulation of DNA catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA catabolic process.	12
Regulation of DNA damage checkpoint	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a DNA damage checkpoint.	24
Regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.	38
Regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator.	6
Regulation of DNA demethylation	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA demethylation.	12
Regulation of DNA duplex unwinding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA duplex unwinding.	5
Regulation of DNA ligation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA ligation, the re-formation of a broken phosphodiester bond in the DNA backbone, carried out by DNA ligase.	6
Regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation.	18
Regulation of DNA recombination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination, a DNA metabolic process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents.	136
Regulation of DNA repair	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA repair.	214
Regulation of DNA replication	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA replication.	124
Regulation of DNA strand elongation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of DNA strand elongation. DNA strand elongation is the DNA metabolic process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand.	17
Regulation of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolyzing) activity.	5
Regulation of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity.	9
Regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized.	47
Regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication initiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of initiation of DNA-dependent DNA replication; the process in which DNA becomes competent to replicate. In eukaryotes, replication competence is established in early G1 and lost during the ensuing S phase.	15
Regulation of DNA-templated transcription elongation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.	104
Regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA-templated transcription initiation.	80
Regulation of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, the directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.	10
Regulation of ERAD pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERAD pathway.	21
Regulation of ERBB signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ERBB signaling pathway.	68
Regulation of Fas signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Fas signaling pathway.	6
Regulation of Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the Fc receptor mediated stimulatory signaling pathway..	10
Regulation of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Fc-gamma receptor signaling pathway involved in phagocytosis.	5
Regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.	138
Regulation of G2/MI transition of meiotic cell cycle	Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to MI phase of the meiotic cell cycle.	5
Regulation of GTP binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GTP binding.	11
Regulation of Golgi organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Golgi organization.	17
Regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.	9
Regulation of I-kappaB phosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of I-kappaB phosphorylation.	8
Regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response.	14
Regulation of JNK cascade	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction mediated by the JNK cascade.	132
Regulation of JUN kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of JUN kinase activity.	43
Regulation of L-glutamate import across plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of L-glutamate import into a cell.	8
Regulation of MAP kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of MAP kinase activity.	144
Regulation of MDA-5 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor (PRR) MDA-5 (also known as IFIH1) binding to viral RNA.	7
Regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase activity	Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase.	7
Regulation of NADP metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of NADP metabolic process.	9
Regulation of NK T cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell activation.	11
Regulation of NK T cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell differentiation.	6
Regulation of NK T cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer T cell proliferation.	7
Regulation of NMDA receptor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity.	17
Regulation of Notch signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the Notch signaling pathway.	96
Regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response.	11
Regulation of RIG-I signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the RIG-I signaling pathway.	20
Regulation of RNA binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA binding.	9
Regulation of RNA export from nucleus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	13
Regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding.	9
Regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly.	7
Regulation of RNA splicing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of RNA splicing, the process of removing sections of the primary RNA transcript to remove sequences not present in the mature form of the RNA and joining the remaining sections to form the mature form of the RNA.	180
Regulation of Rab protein signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rab protein signal transduction.	7
Regulation of Rac protein signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rac protein signal transduction.	20
Regulation of Ras protein signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Ras protein signal transduction.	183
Regulation of Rho protein signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Rho protein signal transduction.	83
Regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of SMAD protein signal transduction.	51
Regulation of SNARE complex assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of assembly of the SNARE complex. The SNARE complex is a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.	14
Regulation of SREBP signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the SREBP signaling pathway.	8
Regulation of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell.	6
Regulation of T cell apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of T cell death by apoptotic process.	40
Regulation of T cell chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of T cell chemotaxis. T cell chemotaxis is the directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus.	16
Regulation of T cell costimulation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell costimulation.	5
Regulation of T cell differentiation in thymus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell differentiation in the thymus.	27
Regulation of T cell extravasation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell extravasation.	5
Regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated cytotoxicity.	50
Regulation of T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell.	9
Regulation of T cell mediated immunity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of T cell mediated immunity.	99
Regulation of T cell migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T cell migration.	48
Regulation of T cell receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.	45
Regulation of T-helper 1 cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 1 cell differentiation.	11
Regulation of T-helper 1 type immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a T-helper 1 type immune response.	31
Regulation of T-helper 17 cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell differentiation.	22
Regulation of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment.	7
Regulation of T-helper 17 type immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 17 type immune response.	32
Regulation of T-helper 2 cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper 2 cell differentiation.	12
Regulation of T-helper cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of T-helper cell differentiation.	43
Regulation of TORC2 signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TORC2 signaling.	8
Regulation of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway.	6
Regulation of Wnt protein secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.	5
Regulation of Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.	8
Regulation of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway.	16
Regulation of acrosome reaction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the acrosome reaction.	17
Regulation of actin filament bundle assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of actin filament bundles.	106
Regulation of actin filament length	Any process that controls the length of actin filaments in a cell.	155
Regulation of actin filament organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament organization.	270
Regulation of actin filament-based movement	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin filament-based movement.	41
Regulation of actin nucleation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of actin nucleation, the initial step in the formation of an actin filament in which actin monomers combine to form a new filament.	40
Regulation of action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.	57
Regulation of activation of Janus kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of activation of JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein. The activation of JAK protein is the process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) protein, thereby activating it.	8
Regulation of activin receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any activin receptor signaling pathway.	28
Regulation of actomyosin structure organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures containing both actin and myosin or paramyosin.	104
Regulation of acute inflammatory response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response.	48
Regulation of acute inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an acute inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.	16
Regulation of acyl-CoA biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acyl-CoA.	5
Regulation of adaptive immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an adaptive immune response.	208
Regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.	45
Regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.	13
Regulation of adherens junction organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adherens junction organization.	5
Regulation of adiponectin secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of adiponectin from a cell.	7
Regulation of adipose tissue development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipose tissue development.	16
Regulation of aerobic respiration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aerobic respiration.	33
Regulation of alcohol biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alcohol biosynthetic process.	56
Regulation of aldosterone metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving aldosterone.	8
Regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell activation.	116
Regulation of alpha-beta T cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alpha-beta T cell differentiation.	74
Regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of alternative splicing of nuclear mRNAs.	54
Regulation of amacrine cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amacrine cell differentiation.	6
Regulation of amine metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways by which individual cells transform amines.	33
Regulation of amino acid transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amino acid transmembrane transport.	16
Regulation of amino acid transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of amino acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	43
Regulation of amyloid fibril formation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid fibril formation.	17
Regulation of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid precursor protein catabolic process.	51
Regulation of amyloid-beta clearance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of amyloid-beta clearance.	18
Regulation of anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anaphase-promoting complex-dependent catabolic process.	5
Regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the androgen receptor signaling pathway.	28
Regulation of angiotensin levels in blood	The process that modulates the level of any of the various angiotensinogen proteolytic products in the blood. This occurs by the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensinogen, and its proteolytic products, to create a variety of active peptide hormones, such as angiotensin I and angiotensin II, as well as through the removal of these peptides from the circulation.	10
Regulation of animal organ formation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of animal organ formation. Organ formation is the process pertaining to the initial formation of an organ from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure, such as inductive events, and ends when the structural rudiment of the organ is recognizable, such as a condensation of mesenchymal cells into the organ rudiment.	28
Regulation of animal organ morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of animal organ morphogenesis.	126
Regulation of anoikis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anoikis.	24
Regulation of antibacterial peptide production	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide production.	7
Regulation of antifungal innate immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an antifungal innate immune response.	5
Regulation of antigen processing and presentation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation.	20
Regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen.	6
Regulation of antigen processing and presentation of peptide or polysaccharide antigen via MHC class II	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antigen processing and presentation of antigen (peptide or polysaccharide) via MHC class II.	5
Regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling pathways initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a B- or T cell.	63
Regulation of antimicrobial humoral response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.	12
Regulation of antimicrobial peptide production	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of antimicrobial peptide production.	9
Regulation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.	10
Regulation of apoptotic cell clearance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic cell clearance.	10
Regulation of apoptotic process in bone marrow cell	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in the bone marrow.	4
Regulation of apoptotic process involved in development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of apoptotic process involved in development.	12
Regulation of appetite	Any process which modulates appetite, the desire or physical craving for food.	20
Regulation of arachidonic acid secretion	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of arachidonic acid secretion, the controlled release of arachidonic acid from a cell or a tissue.	7
Regulation of artery morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of artery morphogenesis.	10
Regulation of aspartic-type peptidase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of aspartic-type peptidase activity.	10
Regulation of astrocyte activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte activation.	7
Regulation of astrocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of astrocyte differentiation.	31
Regulation of asymmetric cell division	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of asymmetric cell division.	5
Regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.	9
Regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in an atrial cardiomyocyte.	8
Regulation of attachment of mitotic spindle microtubules to kinetochore	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore involved in mitotic sister chromatid segregation.	8
Regulation of attachment of spindle microtubules to kinetochore	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the attachment of spindle microtubules to the kinetochore.	21
Regulation of autophagosome assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome assembly.	46
Regulation of autophagosome maturation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagosome maturation.	17
Regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrion degradation by an autophagic process.	40
Regulation of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of autophagy of mitochondrion in response to mitochondrial depolarization.	14
Regulation of axon diameter	Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon growth such that the correct diameter is attained and maintained.	5
Regulation of axon extension	Any process that modulates the rate, direction or extent of axon extension.	92
Regulation of axon guidance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axon guidance.	13
Regulation of axonogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of axonogenesis, the generation of an axon, the long process of a neuron.	157
Regulation of barbed-end actin filament capping	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of barbed-end actin filament capping.	5
Regulation of basement membrane organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly, disassembly or arrangement of constituent parts of the basement membrane.	11
Regulation of behavior	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of behavior, the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli.	75
Regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tight junction assembly.	21
Regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids.	12
Regulation of bile acid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bile acid metabolic process.	15
Regulation of bile acid secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of bile acid from a cell or a tissue.	6
Regulation of binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding, the selective interaction of a molecule with one or more specific sites on another molecule.	262
Regulation of binding of sperm to zona pellucida	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of binding of sperm to the zona pellucida.	5
Regulation of biological process involved in symbiotic interaction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of symbiosis, an interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association.	65
Regulation of biomineral tissue development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of biomineral tissue development, the formation of hard tissues that consist mainly of inorganic compounds.	101
Regulation of blood circulation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of blood circulation.	256
Regulation of blood pressure	Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.	186
Regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the migration of the endothelial cells of blood vessels.	138
Regulation of blood vessel remodeling	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of blood vessel remodeling, the reorganization or renovation of existing blood vessels.	8
Regulation of blood volume by renin-angiotensin	The process in which the renin-angiotensin system controls the rate of fluid intake and output into the blood.	8
Regulation of blood-brain barrier permeability	Any process that modulates blood-brain barrier permeability, the quality of the blood-brain barrier that allows for a controlled passage of substances (e.g. macromolecules, small molecules, ions) into and out of the brain.	9
Regulation of bone development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone development.	10
Regulation of bone mineralization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization.	80
Regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation.	7
Regulation of bone remodeling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of bone remodeling, the processes of bone formation and resorption that combine to maintain skeletal integrity.	49
Regulation of branching involved in lung morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process in which a highly ordered sequence of patterning events generates the branched structures of the lung, consisting of reiterated combinations of bud outgrowth, elongation, and dichotomous subdivision of terminal units.	6
Regulation of branching involved in prostate gland morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostate gland branching, the process in which the branching structure of the prostate gland is generated and organized. A branch is a division or offshoot from a main stem.	5
Regulation of branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis in the salivary gland epithelium.	8
Regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis, the process in which the branching structure of the ureteric bud is generated and organized. The ureteric bud is an epithelial tube that grows out from the metanephric duct. The bud elongates and branches to give rise to the ureter and kidney collecting tubules.	21
Regulation of branching morphogenesis of a nerve	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of branching morphogenesis of a nerve.	6
Regulation of brown fat cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of brown fat cell differentiation. Brown fat cell differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a brown adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in adaptive thermogenesis. Brown adipocytes contain multiple small droplets of triglycerides and a high number of mitochondria.	25
Regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity.	14
Regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling	Any process which modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cAMP-mediated signaling.	29
Regulation of cGMP-mediated signaling	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cGMP-mediated signaling.	10
Regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity. Calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity is catalysis of the reaction: calcidiol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = calcitriol + NADP+ + H2O.	7
Regulation of calcineurin-mediated signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcineurin-mediated signaling.	41
Regulation of calcium ion export across plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion export across the plasma membrane.	5
Regulation of calcium ion import	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into a cell or organelle.	32
Regulation of calcium ion import across plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion import across plasma membrane.	16
Regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transport.	173
Regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	80
Regulation of calcium ion transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of calcium ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	248
Regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol	Any process that modulates the rate of the directed movement of calcium ions into the cytosol of a cell. The cytosol is that part of the cytoplasm that does not contain membranous or particulate subcellular components.	18
Regulation of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium ion-dependent exocytosis.	39
Regulation of calcium-mediated signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of calcium-mediated signaling, the process in which a cell uses calcium ions to convert an extracellular signal into a response.	82
Regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the Wnt signaling pathway through beta-catenin, the series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a frizzled family receptor on the surface of the target cell, followed by propagation of the signal via beta-catenin, and ending with a change in transcription of target genes.	256
Regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of carbohydrates.	104
Regulation of carbohydrate catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of carbohydrates.	63
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.	187
Regulation of cardiac conduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac conduction.	27
Regulation of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of cardiac epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a transition where a cardiac epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	12
Regulation of cardiac muscle adaptation	Any process that modulates the rate, extent or frequency of the process in which cardiac muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors.	14
Regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.	29
Regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential involved in regulation of contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction.	8
Regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell differentiation.	22
Regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane potential	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in a cardiac muscle cell (a cardiomyocyte). A membrane potential is the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.	7
Regulation of cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a change in membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a cardiomyocyte.	27
Regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle cell proliferation.	46
Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction.	77
Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.	25
Regulation of cardiac muscle contraction by regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle contraction via the regulation of the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the endoplasmic reticulum of striated muscle, specialised for the sequestration of calcium ions that are released upon receipt of a signal relayed by the T tubules from the neuromuscular junction.	21
Regulation of cardiac muscle tissue development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiac muscle tissue development.	5
Regulation of cardioblast differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast differentiation, the process in which a relatively unspecialized mesodermal cell acquires the specialized structural and/or functional features of a cardioblast. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.	5
Regulation of cardiocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardiocyte differentiation.	32
Regulation of cartilage development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cartilage development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.	71
Regulation of catecholamine metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catecholamines.	20
Regulation of catecholamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of catecholamine neurotransmitters into a neuron or glial cell.	8
Regulation of cation channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cation channel activity.	119
Regulation of caveolin-mediated endocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of caveolin-mediated endocytosis.	6
Regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell adhesion mediated by integrin.	49
Regulation of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell chemotaxis to fibroblast growth factor.	9
Regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication via electrical coupling. Cell communication via electrical coupling is the process that mediates signaling interactions between one cell and another cell by transfer of current between their adjacent cytoplasms via intercellular protein channels.	16
Regulation of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell communication by electrical coupling involved in cardiac conduction.	12
Regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition	Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle.	198
Regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Any signaling pathway that modulates the activity of a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G2 phase to M phase of the cell cycle.	113
Regulation of cell cycle checkpoint	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell cycle checkpoint.	46
Regulation of cell division	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the physical partitioning and separation of a cell into daughter cells.	185
Regulation of cell fate commitment	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell fate commitment. Cell fate commitment is the commitment of cells to specific cell fates and their capacity to differentiate into particular kinds of cells. Positional information is established through protein signals that emanate from a localized source within a cell (the initial one-cell zygote) or within a developmental field.	42
Regulation of cell fate specification	Any process that mediates the adoption of a specific fate by a cell.	26
Regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the growth of a cardiac muscle cell, where growth contributes to the progression of the cell over time from its initial formation to its mature state.	18
Regulation of cell junction assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell junction assembly.	211
Regulation of cell killing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell killing, the process in which a cell brings about the death of another cell, either in the same or a different organism.	114
Regulation of cell maturation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell maturation.	21
Regulation of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis. Cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis is the orderly movement of endothelial cells into the extracellular matrix in order to form new blood vessels contributing to the process of sprouting angiogenesis.	70
Regulation of cell morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell morphogenesis. Cell morphogenesis is the developmental process in which the shape of a cell is generated and organized.	245
Regulation of cell projection assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cell projection assembly.	227
Regulation of cell projection size	A process that modulates the size of a cell projection.	13
Regulation of cell proliferation in bone marrow	A process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation in the bone marrow.	8
Regulation of cell proliferation involved in kidney development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell proliferation involved in kidney development.	16
Regulation of cell shape	Any process that modulates the surface configuration of a cell.	139
Regulation of cell size	Any process that modulates the size of a cell.	187
Regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by cadherin.	21
Regulation of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cell-cell adhesion mediated by integrin.	11
Regulation of cell-matrix adhesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix.	121
Regulation of cell-substrate adhesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate adhesion. Cell-substrate adhesion is the attachment of a cell to the underlying substrate via adhesion molecules.	216
Regulation of cell-substrate junction organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cell-substrate junction organization.	68
Regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.	13
Regulation of cellular extravasation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of cellular extravasation.	40
Regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process	Any process that modulates the chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a class of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group, CO, and in which the carbonyl group is bonded only to carbon atoms. The general formula for a ketone is RCOR, where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups.	144
Regulation of cellular pH reduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a process that reduces the internal pH of a cell.	8
Regulation of cellular respiration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular respiration, the enzymatic release of energy from organic compounds.	49
Regulation of cellular response to heat	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to heat.	16
Regulation of cellular response to hypoxia	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to hypoxia.	20
Regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to insulin stimulus.	71
Regulation of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.	6
Regulation of cellular response to osmotic stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cellular response to osmotic stress.	13
Regulation of cellular response to oxidative stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to oxidative stress.	25
Regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus.	156
Regulation of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular response to vascular endothelial growth factor stimulus.	30
Regulation of cellular senescence	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular senescence.	47
Regulation of centriole replication	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a daughter centriole of an existing centriole.	23
Regulation of centromere complex assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of centromere complex assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and centromeric DNA molecules to form a centromeric protein-DNA complex.	6
Regulation of centromeric sister chromatid cohesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion in the centromeric region of a chromosome.	5
Regulation of centrosome cycle	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the centrosome cycle, the processes of centrosome duplication and separation.	54
Regulation of cerebellar granule cell precursor proliferation	The process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granule cell precursor proliferation.	11
Regulation of chaperone-mediated autophagy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chaperone-mediated autophagy.	8
Regulation of chemokine-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a chemokine-mediated signaling pathway.	10
Regulation of chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism in response to a specific chemical concentration gradient.	228
Regulation of chloride transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chloride transport.	7
Regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol.	26
Regulation of cholesterol efflux	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholesterol efflux. Cholesterol efflux is the directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, out of a cell or organelle.	51
Regulation of cholesterol metabolic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cholesterol metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	42
Regulation of cholesterol storage	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of cholesterol storage. Cholesterol storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.	17
Regulation of chondrocyte development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the process whose specific outcome is the progression of a chondrocyte over time, from its commitment to its mature state. Chondrocyte development does not include the steps involved in committing a chondroblast to a chondrocyte fate.	6
Regulation of chondrocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chondrocyte differentiation.	52
Regulation of chromatin binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin binding. Chromatin binding is the selective interaction with chromatin, the network of fibers of DNA, protein, and sometimes RNA, that make up the chromosomes of the eukaryotic nucleus during interphase.	11
Regulation of chromatin organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromatin organization.	50
Regulation of chromosome condensation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of chromosome condensation, the progressive compaction of dispersed interphase chromatin into threadlike chromosomes prior to mitotic or meiotic nuclear division, or during apoptosis, in eukaryotic cells.	13
Regulation of chromosome organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a chromosome.	247
Regulation of chromosome segregation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of chromosome segregation, the process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.	129
Regulation of chronic inflammatory response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a chronic inflammatory response.	10
Regulation of cilium assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium assembly.	93
Regulation of cilium beat frequency	Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.	16
Regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility	Any process that modulates the frequency of cilium beating involved in ciliary motility.	9
Regulation of cilium movement	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of cilium movement, the directed, self-propelled movement of a cilium.	38
Regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cilium-dependent cell motility.	28
Regulation of circadian rhythm	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm is a biological process in an organism that recurs with a regularity of approximately 24 hours.	112
Regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-rapid eye movement sleep.	5
Regulation of clathrin-dependent endocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.	19
Regulation of coagulation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of coagulation, the process in which a fluid solution, or part of it, changes into a solid or semisolid mass.	72
Regulation of collagen fibril organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collagen fibril organization.	7
Regulation of collagen metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the metabolism of collagen, any of a group of fibrous proteins of very high tensile strength that form the main component of connective tissue in animals.	40
Regulation of collateral sprouting	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of collateral sprouting.	21
Regulation of complement activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement activation.	22
Regulation of complement activation, alternative pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the alternative pathway of complement activation.	6
Regulation of complement activation, classical pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the classical pathway of complement activation.	9
Regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of complement-dependent cytotoxicity.	11
Regulation of connective tissue replacement	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of connective tissue replacement.	11
Regulation of core promoter binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of core promoter binding.	5
Regulation of corticosteroid hormone secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of corticosteroid hormone secretion.	16
Regulation of corticotropin secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of corticotropic hormone from a cell.	5
Regulation of cortisol biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cortisol biosynthetic process.	7
Regulation of cyclase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclase activity.	54
Regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: nucleotide 3',5'-cyclic phosphate + H2O = nucleotide 5'-phosphate.	8
Regulation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein kinase activity.	83
Regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity.	192
Regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the activity of a cysteine-type endopeptidase involved in apoptosis.	160
Regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.	12
Regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in execution phase of apoptosis.	5
Regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytochrome-c oxidase activity.	5
Regulation of cytokinesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell and its separation into two daughter cells.	93
Regulation of cytoplasmic mRNA processing body assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a cytoplasmic mRNA processing body.	8
Regulation of cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.	94
Regulation of cytoplasmic translation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translation.	33
Regulation of cytoplasmic translational initiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cytoplasmic translational initiation.	8
Regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions within the cytosol of a cell or between the cytosol and its surroundings.	60
Regulation of defense response to bacterium	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to bacterium.	20
Regulation of defense response to fungus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of defense response to fungus.	6
Regulation of defense response to virus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the antiviral response of a cell or organism.	97
Regulation of defense response to virus by host	Any host process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the antiviral response of a host cell or organism.	43
Regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity.	18
Regulation of dendrite development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite development.	98
Regulation of dendrite extension	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite extension.	27
Regulation of dendrite morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendrite morphogenesis.	63
Regulation of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of dendritic cell antigen processing and presentation.	11
Regulation of dendritic cell chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell chemotaxis.	12
Regulation of dendritic cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic cell differentiation.	14
Regulation of dendritic spine development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine development, the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dendritic spine over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	56
Regulation of dendritic spine maintenance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dendritic spine maintenance.	13
Regulation of dendritic spine morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of dendritic spine morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of a dendritic spine are generated and organized. A dendritic spine is a protrusion from a dendrite and a specialized subcellular compartment involved in synaptic transmission.	41
Regulation of deoxyribonuclease activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of deoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid.	10
Regulation of dephosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a molecule.	103
Regulation of development, heterochronic	Any process that modulates the consistent predetermined time point at which an integrated living unit or organism progresses from an initial condition to a later condition and the rate at which this time point is reached.	12
Regulation of digestive system process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a digestive system process, a physical, chemical, or biochemical process carried out by living organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.	37
Regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a dopamine receptor signaling pathway activity. A dopamine receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	11
Regulation of dopaminergic neuron differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.	12
Regulation of double-strand break repair	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair.	133
Regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences.	73
Regulation of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining.	29
Regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of early endosome to late endosome transport.	19
Regulation of eating behavior	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eating behavior.	7
Regulation of electron transfer activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of electron transfer activity.	6
Regulation of embryonic development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of embryonic development.	93
Regulation of enamel mineralization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enamel mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth enamel.	7
Regulation of endocrine process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endocrine process, a process involving the secretion of or response to endocrine hormones. An endocrine hormone is a hormone released into the circulatory system.	39
Regulation of endocytic recycling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytic recycling.	21
Regulation of endocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis.	291
Regulation of endodeoxyribonuclease activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodeoxyribonuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within deoxyribonucleic acid by creating internal breaks.	8
Regulation of endodermal cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endodermal cell differentiation.	7
Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	33
Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum tubular network organization.	6
Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.	30
Regulation of endosome organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome organization.	5
Regulation of endosome size	Any process that modulates the volume of an endosome, a membrane-bounded organelle that carries materials newly ingested by endocytosis.	13
Regulation of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endosome to plasma membrane protein transport.	5
Regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell chemotaxis.	23
Regulation of endothelial cell development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell development.	18
Regulation of endothelial cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial cell differentiation.	46
Regulation of endothelial cell migration	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the orderly movement of an endothelial cell into the extracellular matrix to form an endothelium.	214
Regulation of endothelial tube morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endothelial tube morphogenesis.	6
Regulation of entry of bacterium into host cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of entry of bacterium into host cell.	7
Regulation of eosinophil migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of eosinophil migration.	6
Regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.	19
Regulation of epidermis development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epidermis development.	66
Regulation of epinephrine secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of epinephrine.	7
Regulation of epithelial cell apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell apoptotic process.	114
Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation.	167
Regulation of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell differentiation involved in kidney development.	16
Regulation of epithelial cell migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell migration.	278
Regulation of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial cell proliferation involved in lung morphogenesis.	7
Regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition where an epithelial cell loses apical/basolateral polarity, severs intercellular adhesive junctions, degrades basement membrane components and becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell.	109
Regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of epithelial to mesenchymal transition involved in endocardial cushion formation.	6
Regulation of erythrocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of erythrocyte differentiation.	47
Regulation of establishment of T cell polarity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of T cell polarity.	6
Regulation of establishment of planar polarity	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the establishment of planar polarity, the coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.	53
Regulation of establishment of protein localization to chromosome	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a protein to a specific location on a chromosome.	12
Regulation of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of establishment of protein localization to mitochondrion.	51
Regulation of establishment or maintenance of cell polarity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.	27
Regulation of excitatory synapse assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of excitatory synapse assembly.	15
Regulation of excretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of excretion, the elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity.	10
Regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of execution phase of apoptosis.	17
Regulation of exit from mitosis	Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.	18
Regulation of exocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exocytosis.	192
Regulation of exosomal secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of exosomal secretion.	19
Regulation of extent of cell growth	Any process that modulates the extent of cell growth.	109
Regulation of extracellular matrix assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix assembly.	20
Regulation of extracellular matrix constituent secretion	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the controlled release of molecules that form the extracellular matrix, including carbohydrates and glycoproteins by a cell or a group of cells.	9
Regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of extracellular matrix disassembly. Extracellular matrix disassembly is a process that results in the breakdown of the extracellular matrix.	16
Regulation of extracellular matrix organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extracellular matrix organization.	61
Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	157
Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand.	45
Regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors.	50
Regulation of fat cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of adipocyte differentiation.	140
Regulation of fat cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fat cell proliferation.	10
Regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid bbeta-oxidation.	20
Regulation of fatty acid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of fatty acids, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils.	55
Regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids.	100
Regulation of fatty acid oxidation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid oxidation.	34
Regulation of fatty acid transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fatty acid transport.	31
Regulation of fear response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fear response.	10
Regulation of feeding behavior	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the behavior associated with the intake of food.	27
Regulation of female gonad development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of female gonad development.	7
Regulation of female receptivity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the willingness or readiness of a female to receive male advances.	7
Regulation of fertilization	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fertilization. Fertilization is the union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy).	17
Regulation of fever generation	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of fever generation.	9
Regulation of fibrinolysis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibrinolysis, an ongoing process that solubilizes fibrin, resulting in the removal of small blood clots.	18
Regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast apoptotic process.	19
Regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	36
Regulation of fibroblast migration	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of fibroblast cell migration. Fibroblast cell migration is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium.	38
Regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of multiplication or reproduction of fibroblast cells.	88
Regulation of filopodium assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly of a filopodium, a thin, stiff protrusion extended by the leading edge of a motile cell such as a crawling fibroblast or amoeba, or an axonal growth cone.	51
Regulation of flagellated sperm motility	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of flagellated sperm motility.	19
Regulation of focal adhesion disassembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of disaggregation of a focal adhesion into its constituent components.	6
Regulation of forebrain neuron differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of forebrain neuron differentiation.	5
Regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of gamma-aminobutyric acid.	8
Regulation of gamma-delta T cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell activation.	11
Regulation of gamma-delta T cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gamma-delta T cell differentiation.	9
Regulation of gap junction assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gap junction assembly.	10
Regulation of gastric acid secretion	Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of gastric secretion. Gastric secretion is the regulated release of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by parietal or oxyntic cells during digestion.	6
Regulation of gastrulation	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of gastrulation. Gastrulation is the complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals.	17
Regulation of gene silencing by regulatory ncRNA	Any process that regulates the rate, frequency, or extent of gene silencing by RNA. Gene silencing by RNA is the process in which RNA molecules inactivate expression of target genes.	31
Regulation of generation of precursor metabolites and energy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and the processes involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.	138
Regulation of germ cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of germ cell proliferation.	8
Regulation of germinal center formation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of germinal center formation.	8
Regulation of glial cell apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of glial cell apoptotic process.	11
Regulation of glial cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glia cell differentiation.	78
Regulation of glial cell migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell migration.	21
Regulation of glial cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glial cell proliferation.	40
Regulation of gliogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gliogenesis, the formation of mature glia.	108
Regulation of glomerular filtration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glomerular filtration. Glomerular filtration is the process in which blood is filtered by the glomerulus into the renal tubule.	9
Regulation of glomerulus development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glomerulus development, the progression of the glomerulus over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney.	6
Regulation of glucagon secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of glucagon.	8
Regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids.	9
Regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids.	11
Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid receptor signaling pathway.	5
Regulation of glucocorticoid secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucocorticoid secretion.	10
Regulation of gluconeogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.	53
Regulation of glucose import	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the import of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into a cell or organelle.	58
Regulation of glucose metabolic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.	103
Regulation of glucose transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glucose transport across a membrane. Glucose transport is the directed movement of the hexose monosaccharide glucose into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	76
Regulation of glutamate receptor clustering	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor clustering.	6
Regulation of glutamate receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate receptor signaling pathway.	6
Regulation of glutamate secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of glutamate.	20
Regulation of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamate secretion, neurotransmission.	5
Regulation of glutamine family amino acid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the glutamine family, comprising arginine, glutamate, glutamine and proline.	8
Regulation of glycogen (starch) synthase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycogen (starch) synthase activity.	6
Regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.	30
Regulation of glycogen catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.	7
Regulation of glycogen metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen.	37
Regulation of glycolytic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycolysis.	52
Regulation of glycoprotein metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glycoprotein metabolic process.	57
Regulation of gonad development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gonad development.	13
Regulation of gonadotropin secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a gonadotropin.	11
Regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of granulocyte chemotaxis. Granulocyte chemotaxis is the movement of a granulocyte in response to an external stimulus.	52
Regulation of granulocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of granulocyte differentiation.	16
Regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the growth hormone receptor signaling pathway. The growth hormone receptor signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of growth hormone receptor binding to its physiological ligand.	6
Regulation of growth rate	Any process that modulates the rate of growth of all or part of an organism.	5
Regulation of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity.	7
Regulation of guanylate cyclase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of guanylate cyclase activity.	6
Regulation of hair cycle	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the cyclical phases of growth (anagen), regression (catagen), quiescence (telogen), and shedding (exogen) in the life of a hair.	27
Regulation of hair follicle development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hair follicle development.	19
Regulation of heart contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.	206
Regulation of heart growth	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heart growth. Heart growth is the increase in size or mass of the heart.	69
Regulation of heart morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart morphogenesis.	10
Regulation of heart rate	Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.	102
Regulation of heart rate by cardiac conduction	A cardiac conduction process that modulates the frequency or rate of heart contraction.	38
Regulation of heart rate by chemical signal	The regulation of the rate of heart contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.	7
Regulation of heat generation	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of heat generation.	12
Regulation of helicase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of helicase activity.	11
Regulation of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation.	40
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.	17
Regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation.	17
Regulation of hemoglobin biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrying, conjugated protein containing four heme groups and globin.	8
Regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatic stellate cell activation.	7
Regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte apoptotic process.	9
Regulation of hepatocyte proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hepatocyte proliferation.	16
Regulation of heterochromatin organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or location of heterochromatin organization.	24
Regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion.	25
Regulation of hexokinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hexokinase activity.	7
Regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity.	11
Regulation of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of high-density lipoprotein particle clearance. High-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a high-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	9
Regulation of hippo signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hippo signaling.	25
Regulation of hippocampal neuron apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in hippocampal neurons.	5
Regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of histamine secretion by mast cell.	7
Regulation of homophilic cell adhesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of homophilic cell adhesion.	5
Regulation of homotypic cell-cell adhesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of homotypic cell-cell adhesion.	34
Regulation of hormone biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hormones.	24
Regulation of hormone metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving any hormone.	39
Regulation of hormone secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a hormone from a cell.	253
Regulation of humoral immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response.	47
Regulation of humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin.	18
Regulation of hyaluronan biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hyaluronan biosynthetic process.	8
Regulation of hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of hydrogen peroxide biosynthesis. The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA.	7
Regulation of hydrogen peroxide metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving hydrogen peroxide.	18
Regulation of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of hydrogen peroxide-mediated programmed cell death.	10
Regulation of hypersensitivity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of hypersensitivity.	10
Regulation of icosanoid secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of an icosanoid from a cell.	20
Regulation of immunoglobulin production	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of immunoglobulin production.	77
Regulation of inclusion body assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of inclusion body assembly. Inclusion body assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an inclusion body.	17
Regulation of inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an inflammasome-mediated signaling pathway.	38
Regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of an inflammatory response to an antigenic stimulus.	45
Regulation of inflammatory response to wounding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the inflammatory response to wounding.	12
Regulation of inner ear auditory receptor cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of auditory hair cell differentiation.	9
Regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium-release channel.	4
Regulation of inositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of inositol phosphate biosynthesis. Inositol phosphate biosynthetic processes are the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an inositol phosphate, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, with one or more phosphate groups attached.	17
Regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol trisphosphate.	6
Regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin receptor signaling.	69
Regulation of insulin secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin.	164
Regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of insulin that contributes to the response of a cell to glucose.	54
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling.	24
Regulation of integrin activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of integrin activation.	17
Regulation of integrin biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of integrins.	5
Regulation of integrin-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of integrin-mediated signaling pathway.	20
Regulation of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of interleukin-1-mediated signaling pathway.	10
Regulation of interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of an interleukin-6-mediated signaling pathway.	12
Regulation of intestinal absorption	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal absorption.	12
Regulation of intestinal lipid absorption	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intestinal lipid absorption.	10
Regulation of intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of an intracellular estrogen receptor signaling pathway.	35
Regulation of intracellular lipid transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids within cells.	9
Regulation of intracellular protein transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins within cells.	225
Regulation of intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the activity of any intracellular steroid hormone receptor signaling pathway.	71
Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	182
Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator.	35
Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage.	38
Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator.	17
Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide.	4
Regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to osmotic stress.	8
Regulation of inward rectifier potassium channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of inward rectifier potassium channel activity.	7
Regulation of iron ion transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Regulation of iron ion transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of iron ions (Fe) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Regulation of isomerase activity	Any process that modulates the activity of an isomerase. An isomerase catalyzes the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5.	8
Regulation of isotype switching	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching.	39
Regulation of isotype switching to IgE isotypes	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of isotype switching to IgE isotypes.	7
Regulation of keratinocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte differentiation.	40
Regulation of keratinocyte migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of keratinocyte migration.	14
Regulation of keratinocyte proliferation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of keratinocyte proliferation. Keratinocyte proliferation is the multiplication or reproduction of keratinocytes, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	47
Regulation of ketone biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ketone, carried out by individual cells.	21
Regulation of kidney development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of kidney development. Kidney development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the kidney over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The kidney is an organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	34
Regulation of kidney size	Any process that modulates the size of a kidney.	6
Regulation of killing of cells of another organism	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the killing by an organism of cells in another organism.	11
Regulation of lamellipodium assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the formation of a lamellipodium, a thin sheetlike extension of the surface of a migrating cell.	40
Regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium morphogenesis.	11
Regulation of lamellipodium organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lamellipodium organization.	52
Regulation of lens fiber cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lens fiber cell differentiation.	9
Regulation of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to arterial endothelial cell.	4
Regulation of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell.	39
Regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte apoptotic process.	91
Regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte chemotaxis.	125
Regulation of leukocyte degranulation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte degranulation.	47
Regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity.	96
Regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte mediated immunity.	249
Regulation of leukocyte migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of leukocyte migration.	226
Regulation of leukocyte proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte proliferation.	266
Regulation of leukocyte tethering or rolling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of leukocyte tethering or rolling.	18
Regulation of ligase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ligase activity, the catalysis of the ligation of two substances with concomitant breaking of a diphosphate linkage, usually in a nucleoside triphosphate. Ligase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 6.	9
Regulation of lipase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipase activity, the hydrolysis of a lipid or phospholipid.	78
Regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lipids.	187
Regulation of lipid catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lipids.	61
Regulation of lipid kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid kinase activity, the catalysis of the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a simple or complex lipid.	39
Regulation of lipid localization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipid localization.	177
Regulation of lipid storage	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of lipid storage. Lipid storage is the accumulation and maintenance in cells or tissues of lipids, compounds soluble in organic solvents but insoluble or sparingly soluble in aqueous solvents. Lipid reserves can be accumulated during early developmental stages for mobilization and utilization at later stages of development.	51
Regulation of lipid transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	148
Regulation of lipid transporter activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lipid transporter activity.	5
Regulation of lipophagy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lipophagy.	5
Regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling in response to detection of lipopolysaccharide.	28
Regulation of lipoprotein lipase activity	Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme lipoprotein lipase.	16
Regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoproteins, any conjugated, water-soluble protein in which the nonprotein group consists of a lipid or lipids.	16
Regulation of lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of lipoprotein particle clearance. Lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	32
Regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the self-propelled movement of a cell or organism from one location to another in a behavioral context; the aspect of locomotory behavior having to do with movement.	6
Regulation of long-chain fatty acid import across plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport. Plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transport is the directed movement of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. A long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing 13 to 22 carbons.	6
Regulation of long-chain fatty acid import into cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-chain fatty acid import into a cell.	8
Regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	A process that modulates long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change long-term as circumstances require. Long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increase or decrease in actual synapse numbers.	22
Regulation of long-term synaptic depression	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long term synaptic depression.	14
Regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of long-term synaptic potentiation.	46
Regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	20
Regulation of lung blood pressure	The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the lungs. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.	5
Regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of luteinizing hormone.	6
Regulation of lyase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lyase activity, the catalysis of the cleavage of C-C, C-O, C-N and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation, or conversely adding a group to a double bond. They differ from other enzymes in that two substrates are involved in one reaction direction, but only one in the other direction. When acting on the single substrate, a molecule is eliminated and this generates either a new double bond or a new ring.	58
Regulation of lymphangiogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphangiogenesis.	6
Regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of lymphocyte death by apoptotic process.	60
Regulation of lymphocyte chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte chemotaxis.	26
Regulation of lymphocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte differentiation.	212
Regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of lymphocyte mediated immunity.	188
Regulation of lymphocyte migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphocyte migration.	68
Regulation of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lymphoid progenitor cell differentiation.	12
Regulation of lysosomal lumen pH	Any process that modulates the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	29
Regulation of lysosomal protein catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosomal protein catabolic process.	10
Regulation of lysosome organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of lysosome organization.	12
Regulation of lysosome size	Any process that modulates the size of a lysosome.	8
Regulation of mRNA 3'-end processing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA 3'-end processing, any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.	12
Regulation of mRNA catabolic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a mRNA catabolic process, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.	236
Regulation of mRNA export from nucleus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	7
Regulation of mRNA processing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA processing, those processes involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into a mature mRNA prior to its translation into polypeptide.	128
Regulation of mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mRNA splicing via a spliceosomal mechanism.	106
Regulation of macroautophagy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macroautophagy.	158
Regulation of macrophage activation	Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of macrophage activation.	61
Regulation of macrophage apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage apoptotic process.	10
Regulation of macrophage chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage chemotaxis. Macrophage chemotaxis is the movement of a macrophage in response to an external stimulus.	28
Regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation. Macrophage derived foam cell differentiation is the process in which a macrophage acquires the specialized features of a foam cell. A foam cell is a type of cell containing lipids in small vacuoles and typically seen in atherosclerotic lesions, as well as other conditions.	32
Regulation of macrophage differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage differentiation.	24
Regulation of macrophage fusion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage fusion.	5
Regulation of macrophage migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage migration.	44
Regulation of macrophage proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macrophage proliferation.	7
Regulation of maintenance of sister chromatid cohesion	Any process that modulates the extent to which the association between sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome is maintained.	9
Regulation of male gonad development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of male gonad development.	9
Regulation of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation.	15
Regulation of mast cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation.	43
Regulation of mast cell activation involved in immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of mast cell activation as part of an immune response.	32
Regulation of mast cell chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mast cell chemotaxis. Mast cell chemotaxis is the movement of a mast cell in response to an external stimulus.	8
Regulation of matrix metallopeptidase secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of matrix metallopeptidase secretion.	7
Regulation of megakaryocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of megakaryocyte differentiation.	37
Regulation of meiotic cell cycle	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of progression through the meiotic cell cycle.	66
Regulation of meiotic cell cycle phase transition	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic cell cycle phase transition.	10
Regulation of meiotic nuclear division	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of meiotic nuclear division, the process in which the nucleus of a diploid cell divides twice forming four haploid cells, one or more of which usually function as gametes.	33
Regulation of melanocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of melanocyte differentiation.	6
Regulation of membrane depolarization	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential, usually from negative to positive.	47
Regulation of membrane depolarization during action potential	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane depolarization during an action potential. Membrane depolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the depolarizing direction from the resting potential.	6
Regulation of membrane depolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane depolarization during a cardiac muscle cell action potential.	5
Regulation of membrane invagination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane invagination.	15
Regulation of membrane lipid distribution	Any process that modulates the proportions or spatial arrangement of lipids in a cellular membrane.	62
Regulation of membrane permeability	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by a membrane.	68
Regulation of membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).	24
Regulation of membrane repolarization	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential, usually from positive to negative.	36
Regulation of membrane repolarization during action potential	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of membrane repolarization during an action potential. Membrane repolarization is the process in which membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, towards the resting potential.	9
Regulation of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during cardiac muscle cell action potential.	6
Regulation of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential.	4
Regulation of membrane tubulation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of membrane tubulation.	5
Regulation of mesenchymal cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal cell proliferation. A mesenchymal cell is a cell that normally gives rise to other cells that are organized as three-dimensional masses, rather than sheets.	32
Regulation of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesenchymal stem cell differentiation.	8
Regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the transition where a mesenchymal cell establishes apical/basolateral polarity,forms intercellular adhesive junctions, synthesizes basement membrane components and becomes an epithelial cell that will contribute to the shaping of the metanephros.	7
Regulation of mesoderm development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm development.	7
Regulation of mesodermal cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesodermal cell differentiation.	9
Regulation of mesodermal cell fate specification	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mesoderm cell fate specification.	5
Regulation of mesonephros development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mesonephros development. Mesonephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesonephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesonephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	5
Regulation of metalloendopeptidase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metalloendopeptidase activity.	10
Regulation of metallopeptidase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of metallopeptidase activity.	18
Regulation of metanephros development	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of metanephros development. Metanephros development is the process whose specific outcome is the progression of the metanephros over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The metanephros is an endocrine and metabolic organ that filters the blood and excretes the end products of body metabolism in the form of urine.	6
Regulation of metaphase plate congression	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of metaphase plate congression, the alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the spindle.	13
Regulation of miRNA catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA catabolic process.	10
Regulation of miRNA metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of miRNA metabolic process.	86
Regulation of miRNA transcription	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microRNA (miRNA) gene transcription.	71
Regulation of microglial cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microglial cell activation.	19
Regulation of microtubule binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule binding.	7
Regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.	162
Regulation of microtubule depolymerization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization.	30
Regulation of microtubule nucleation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of microtubule nucleation. Microtubule nucleation is the 'de novo' formation of a microtubule, in which tubulin heterodimers form metastable oligomeric aggregates, some of which go on to support formation of a complete microtubule. Microtubule nucleation usually occurs from a specific site within a cell.	19
Regulation of microtubule polymerization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization.	61
Regulation of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule polymerization or depolymerization by the addition or removal of tubulin heterodimers from a microtubule.	95
Regulation of microtubule-based movement	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of microtubule-based movement, the movement of organelles, other microtubules and other particles along microtubules, mediated by motor proteins.	52
Regulation of microtubule-based process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton.	255
Regulation of microvillus assembly	A process that modulates the formation of a microvillus.	6
Regulation of microvillus length	A process that modulates the length of a microvillus.	7
Regulation of microvillus organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a microvillus.	13
Regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation.	5
Regulation of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial ATP synthesis coupled electron transport.	7
Regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process.	8
Regulation of mitochondrial RNA catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving catabolism in the mitochondrion of RNA transcribed from the mitochondrial genome.	5
Regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone.	6
Regulation of mitochondrial fission	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission is the division of a mitochondrion within a cell to form two or more separate mitochondrial compartments.	30
Regulation of mitochondrial fusion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of merging of two or more mitochondria within a cell to form a single compartment.	12
Regulation of mitochondrial gene expression	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product (protein or RNA).	30
Regulation of mitochondrial mRNA stability	Any process that modulates the propensity of mitochondrial mRNA molecules to degradation. Includes processes that both stabilize and destabilize mitochondrial mRNAs.	7
Regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the passage or uptake of molecules by the mitochondrial membrane.	56
Regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Any regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability that is involved in apoptotic process.	44
Regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the electric potential existing across the mitochondrial membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.	73
Regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway.	26
Regulation of mitochondrial transcription	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription occurring in the mitochondrion.	5
Regulation of mitochondrial translation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA in a mitochondrion.	25
Regulation of mitochondrion organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion.	151
Regulation of mitophagy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of macromitophagy.	16
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, a cell cycle checkpoint that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.	21
Regulation of mitotic centrosome separation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis.	9
Regulation of mitotic cytokinesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic cytokinesis.	11
Regulation of mitotic nuclear division	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitosis.	118
Regulation of mitotic recombination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination during mitosis.	7
Regulation of mitotic sister chromatid segregation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation during mitosis.	54
Regulation of mitotic spindle assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of mitotic spindle assembly.	23
Regulation of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton.	5
Regulation of modification of postsynaptic structure	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of postsynaptic structure.	9
Regulation of modification of synaptic structure	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of modification of synaptic structure.	13
Regulation of monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of anion transmembrane transport.	9
Regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	18
Regulation of monocyte chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of monocyte chemotaxis.	29
Regulation of monocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte differentiation.	20
Regulation of monocyte extravasation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of monocyte extravasation.	6
Regulation of mononuclear cell migration	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of mononuclear cell migration. Mononuclear cell migration is the movement of a mononuclear cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	123
Regulation of monooxygenase activity	Any process that modulates the activity of a monooxygenase.	45
Regulation of morphogenesis of a branching structure	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of branching morphogenesis, the process in which the anatomical structures of branches are generated and organized.	52
Regulation of morphogenesis of an epithelium	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of morphogenesis of an epithelium.	65
Regulation of motor neuron apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of motor neuron apoptotic process.	15
Regulation of mucus secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of mucus from a cell or a tissue.	8
Regulation of multicellular organism growth	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of the body of an organism so that it reaches its usual body size.	63
Regulation of muscle adaptation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle adaptation.	87
Regulation of muscle cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle cell differentiation.	156
Regulation of muscle contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle contraction.	168
Regulation of muscle hypertrophy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle hypertrophy.	64
Regulation of muscle organ development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle development.	23
Regulation of muscle system process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a muscle system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by any of the organs or tissues in a muscle system.	240
Regulation of muscle tissue development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of muscle tissue development.	46
Regulation of myelination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a myelin sheath around nerve axons.	45
Regulation of myeloid cell apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid cell apoptotic process.	32
Regulation of myeloid cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myeloid cell differentiation.	211
Regulation of myeloid dendritic cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency or rate of myeloid dendritic cell activation.	5
Regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte differentiation.	123
Regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity.	59
Regulation of myoblast differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast differentiation. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.	73
Regulation of myoblast fusion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast fusion.	21
Regulation of myoblast proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myoblast proliferation.	23
Regulation of myofibroblast differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myofibroblast differentiation.	10
Regulation of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myosin-light-chain-phosphatase activity.	7
Regulation of myotube differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of myotube differentiation. Myotube differentiation is the process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a myotube cell. Myotubes are multinucleated cells that are formed when proliferating myoblasts exit the cell cycle, differentiate and fuse.	48
Regulation of natural killer cell activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell activation.	43
Regulation of natural killer cell chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell chemotaxis.	8
Regulation of natural killer cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell differentiation.	13
Regulation of natural killer cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immune response to a tumor cell.	10
Regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of natural killer cell mediated immunity.	53
Regulation of natural killer cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of natural killer cell proliferation.	12
Regulation of nervous system process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a neurophysiological process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the nervous system.	118
Regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neural precursor cell proliferation.	99
Regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroblast proliferation.	52
Regulation of neuroinflammatory response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuroinflammatory response.	39
Regulation of neuromuscular junction development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuromuscular junction development.	8
Regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of cell death by apoptotic process in neurons.	228
Regulation of neuron differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron differentiation.	196
Regulation of neuron maturation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron maturation, the process leading to the attainment of the full functional capacity of a neuron. This process is independent of morphogenetic change.	8
Regulation of neuron migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neuron migration.	48
Regulation of neuron projection arborization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which the anatomical structures of a neuron projection are generated and organized into branches.	15
Regulation of neuron projection regeneration	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neuron projection regeneration, the regrowth of neuronal processes such as axons or dendrites following their loss or damage.	32
Regulation of neuronal action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a neuron. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.	4
Regulation of neuronal synaptic plasticity	A process that modulates neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.	56
Regulation of neurotransmitter receptor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector function such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.	48
Regulation of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor localization to postsynaptic specialization membrane.	11
Regulation of neurotransmitter secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a neurotransmitter from a cell.	82
Regulation of neurotransmitter transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	99
Regulation of neurotransmitter uptake	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a neurotransmitter into a neuron or glial cell.	19
Regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway.	11
Regulation of neutrophil activation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil activation.	15
Regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil chemotaxis. Neutrophil chemotaxis is the directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding.	33
Regulation of neutrophil degranulation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of neutrophil degranulation.	8
Regulation of neutrophil extravasation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil extravasation.	8
Regulation of neutrophil mediated cytotoxicity	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of neutrophil mediated killing of a target cell, the directed killing of a target cell by a neutrophil.	5
Regulation of neutrophil migration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neutrophil migration.	45
Regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction. Nitric oxide mediated signal transduction is The series of molecular signals mediated by the detection of nitric oxide (NO).	11
Regulation of nitric oxide metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.	59
Regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme nitric-oxide synthase.	31
Regulation of nodal signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nodal signaling pathway.	10
Regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the non-canonical NF-kappaB signaling cascade.	111
Regulation of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway.	26
Regulation of non-motile cilium assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of non-motile cilium assembly.	11
Regulation of norepinephrine secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of norepinephrine.	13
Regulation of nuclear cell cycle DNA replication	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of The DNA-dependent DNA replication that occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms as part of the cell cycle.	13
Regulation of nuclear division	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear division, the partitioning of the nucleus and its genetic information.	146
Regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay.	26
Regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay.	13
Regulation of nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of poly(A) tail shortening of a nuclear-transcribed mRNA. Poly(A) tail shortening is the decrease in length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA from full length to an oligo(A) length.	15
Regulation of nuclease activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nuclease activity, the hydrolysis of ester linkages within nucleic acids.	22
Regulation of nucleobase-containing compound transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of nucleobases, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	16
Regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of substances between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.	109
Regulation of nucleotide biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nucleotides.	29
Regulation of nucleotide metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.	46
Regulation of nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing receptor signaling pathway (NLR) pathway.	15
Regulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) pathway.	10
Regulation of nucleotide-excision repair	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of nucleotide-excision repair.	28
Regulation of odontoblast differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of odontoblast differentiation.	5
Regulation of odontogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of a tooth or teeth.	18
Regulation of odontogenesis of dentin-containing tooth	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation and development of teeth, the hard, bony appendages which are borne on the jaws, or on other bones in the walls of the mouth or pharynx of most vertebrates.	12
Regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oligodendrocyte differentiation.	45
Regulation of oocyte maturation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oocyte maturation.	7
Regulation of opsin-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsin-mediated signaling.	10
Regulation of opsonization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of opsonization.	11
Regulation of organ growth	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of growth of an organ of an organism.	97
Regulation of organelle assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle assembly.	240
Regulation of organelle transport along microtubule	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of organelle transport along microtubule.	10
Regulation of organic acid transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of organic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	77
Regulation of ossification	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ossification, the formation of bone or of a bony substance or the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance.	120
Regulation of osteoblast differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast differentiation.	139
Regulation of osteoblast proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoblast proliferation.	30
Regulation of osteoclast development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast development.	11
Regulation of osteoclast differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of osteoclast differentiation.	69
Regulation of osteoclast proliferation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the multiplication or reproduction of osteoclasts, resulting in the expansion of an osteoclast cell population.	6
Regulation of ovarian follicle development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ovarian follicle development.	6
Regulation of oxidative phosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.	24
Regulation of oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of an oxidative stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway.	41
Regulation of oxidoreductase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of oxidoreductase activity, the catalysis of an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible chemical reaction in which the oxidation state of an atom or atoms within a molecule is altered. One substrate acts as a hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxidized, while the other acts as hydrogen or electron acceptor and becomes reduced.	80
Regulation of p38MAPK cascade	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of p38MAPK cascade.	46
Regulation of pH	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.	102
Regulation of pancreatic juice secretion	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of pancreatic juice secretion, the regulated release of pancreatic juice by the exocrine pancreas into the upper part of the intestine.	7
Regulation of pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a pattern recognition receptor signaling pathway.	141
Regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the pentose-phosphate shunt, the process in which glucose is oxidized, coupled to NADPH synthesis.	7
Regulation of peptide transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	199
Regulation of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylation.	11
Regulation of peptidyl-lysine acetylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-lysine acetylation.	28
Regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-serine.	138
Regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation. Peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation is the phosphorylation of peptidyl-threonine to form peptidyl-O-phospho-L-threonine.	44
Regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the phosphorylation of peptidyl-tyrosine.	228
Regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway.	14
Regulation of phagocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phagocytosis, the process in which phagocytes engulf external particulate material.	98
Regulation of phenotypic switching	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phenotypic switching.	5
Regulation of phosphatase activity	Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of phosphatase activity. Phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoric monoesters, releasing phosphate.	61
Regulation of phosphate transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphate transport. Phosphate transport is the directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process.	5
Regulation of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphatidylcholine metabolic process.	10
Regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol.	5
Regulation of phosphatidylinositol dephosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reaction involving the removal of one or more phosphate groups from a phosphatidylinositol.	6
Regulation of phospholipase A2 activity	Any process that modulates the activity of the enzyme phospholipase A2.	10
Regulation of phospholipase C activity	OBSOLETE. Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C activity.	39
Regulation of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.	6
Regulation of phospholipase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipase activity, the hydrolysis of a phospholipid.	59
Regulation of phospholipid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phospholipids.	17
Regulation of phospholipid catabolic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of phospholipid catabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.	7
Regulation of phospholipid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid metabolic process.	34
Regulation of phospholipid translocation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translocation, or flipping, of phospholipid molecules from one monolayer of a membrane bilayer to the opposite monolayer.	6
Regulation of phospholipid transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phospholipid transport.	15
Regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, the catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphate from a phosphoprotein.	47
Regulation of pigment cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pigmented cell differentiation.	8
Regulation of pigmentation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the deposition or modulates the distribution of coloring matter in an organism.	17
Regulation of pinocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pinocytosis. Pinocytosis is the process in which cells take in liquid material from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane. These vesicles then move into the cell and pass their contents to endosomes.	12
Regulation of plasma cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma cell differentiation.	5
Regulation of plasma lipoprotein particle levels	Any process involved in the maintenance of internal levels of plasma lipoprotein particles within an organism.	87
Regulation of plasma membrane organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane organization.	17
Regulation of plasma membrane repair	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of plasma membrane repair.	7
Regulation of plasminogen activation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of plasminogen activation. Plasminogen activation is the process in which plasminogen is processed to plasmin.	18
Regulation of platelet activation	Any process that modulates the rate or frequency of platelet activation. Platelet activation is a series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue.	49
Regulation of platelet aggregation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of platelet aggregation. Platelet aggregation is the adhesion of one platelet to one or more other platelets via adhesion molecules.	27
Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling pathway.	22
Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha signaling pathway.	5
Regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway.	8
Regulation of podosome assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of podosome assembly.	14
Regulation of polyamine transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of polyamine transmembrane transport.	5
Regulation of polysaccharide biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polysaccharides.	38
Regulation of polysaccharide metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving polysaccharides.	45
Regulation of positive chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of a motile cell or organism towards a higher concentration in a concentration gradient of a specific chemical.	26
Regulation of post-translational protein modification	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of post-translational protein modification.	283
Regulation of postsynapse organization	Any process that modulates the physical form of a postsynapse.	102
Regulation of postsynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the postsynaptic cytosol.	10
Regulation of postsynaptic density assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic density assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic density.	11
Regulation of postsynaptic density organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic density organization.	14
Regulation of postsynaptic membrane neurotransmitter receptor levels	Any process that regulates the the local concentration of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynaptic membrane.	88
Regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Any process that modulates the potential difference across a post-synaptic membrane.	148
Regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of neurotransmitter receptor activity involved in synaptic transmission. Modulation may be via an effect on ligand affinity, or effector function such as ion selectivity or pore opening/closing in ionotropic receptors.	5
Regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of endocytosis of neurotransmitter receptor at the postsynapse.	16
Regulation of postsynaptic specialization assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of postsynaptic specialization assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a postsynaptic specialization.	14
Regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion export across the plasma membrane.	9
Regulation of potassium ion import	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion import.	5
Regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transport.	84
Regulation of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of potassium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	55
Regulation of potassium ion transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	100
Regulation of pre-miRNA processing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pre-microRNA processing.	6
Regulation of presynapse organization	Any process that modulates the physical form of a presynapse.	33
Regulation of presynaptic cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Any process that regulates the concentration of calcium in the presynaptic cytosol.	15
Regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Any process that modulates the potential difference across a presynaptic membrane.	29
Regulation of primary miRNA processing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of primary microRNA processing.	6
Regulation of pro-B cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pro-B cell differentiation.	8
Regulation of production of molecular mediator of immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the production of molecular mediator of immune response.	191
Regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of programmed necrotic cell death.	36
Regulation of prostaglandin secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of a prostaglandin from a cell.	13
Regulation of prostatic bud formation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of prostatic bud formation, the morphogenetic process in which a region of the fetal urogenital sinus epithelium is specified to become the prostate, resulting in prostate bud outgrowth.	6
Regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds that is mediated by the proteasome.	194
Regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, and mediated by the proteasome.	142
Regulation of protein ADP-ribosylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein ADP-ribosylation. Protein ADP-ribosylation is the transfer, from NAD, of ADP-ribose to protein amino acids.	8
Regulation of protein K48-linked ubiquitination	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of protein K-48-linked ubiquitination, a protein ubiquitination process in which a polymer of ubiquitin, formed by linkages between lysine residues at position 48 of the ubiquitin monomers, is added to a protein. K48-linked ubiquitination targets the substrate protein for degradation.	6
Regulation of protein K63-linked ubiquitination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein K63-linked ubiquitination.	14
Regulation of protein acetylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein acetylation.	40
Regulation of protein autophosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of addition of the phosphorylation by a protein of one or more of its own residues.	41
Regulation of protein autoubiquitination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein autoubiquitination.	6
Regulation of protein binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein binding.	143
Regulation of protein catabolic process in the vacuole	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein catabolic process in the vacuole.	12
Regulation of protein complex stability	Any process that affects the structure and integrity of a protein complex by altering the likelihood of its assembly or disassembly.	13
Regulation of protein deacetylation	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein deacetylation, the removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic acid.	35
Regulation of protein dephosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of phosphate groups from a protein.	76
Regulation of protein depolymerization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein depolymerization.	86
Regulation of protein deubiquitination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein deubiquitination. Protein deubiquitination is the removal of one or more ubiquitin groups from a protein.	10
Regulation of protein exit from endoplasmic reticulum	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.	26
Regulation of protein export from nucleus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	34
Regulation of protein folding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein folding.	8
Regulation of protein glycosylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein glycosylation. Protein glycosylation is the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.	12
Regulation of protein import into nucleus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of movement of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.	58
Regulation of protein kinase A signaling	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein kinase A signaling. PKA signaling is the series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase A, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.	19
Regulation of protein kinase C activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase C activity.	5
Regulation of protein kinase C signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a series of reactions, mediated by the intracellular serine/threonine kinase protein kinase C, which occurs as a result of a single trigger reaction or compound.	18
Regulation of protein lipidation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein lipidation.	10
Regulation of protein localization to cell cortex	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell cortex.	9
Regulation of protein localization to cell periphery	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cell periphery.	136
Regulation of protein localization to cell surface	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to the cell surface.	42
Regulation of protein localization to centrosome	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to centrosome.	12
Regulation of protein localization to chromatin	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromatin.	11
Regulation of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to chromosome, telomeric region.	14
Regulation of protein localization to cilium	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to cilium.	11
Regulation of protein localization to endosome	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to endosome.	13
Regulation of protein localization to lysosome	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to lysosome.	5
Regulation of protein localization to membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to membrane.	181
Regulation of protein localization to nucleolus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleolus.	10
Regulation of protein localization to nucleus	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to nucleus.	143
Regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to plasma membrane.	107
Regulation of protein localization to synapse	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein localization to synapse.	22
Regulation of protein maturation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein maturation.	71
Regulation of protein monoubiquitination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein monoubiquitination.	6
Regulation of protein neddylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein neddylation.	19
Regulation of protein oligomerization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein oligomerization.	5
Regulation of protein polymerization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of creating protein polymers.	202
Regulation of protein polyubiquitination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein polyubiquitination.	28
Regulation of protein secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the controlled release of a protein from a cell.	261
Regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein serine/threonine kinase activity.	281
Regulation of protein sumoylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of SUMO groups to a protein.	24
Regulation of protein targeting	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein targeting.	79
Regulation of protein targeting to membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.	34
Regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of protein tyrosine kinase activity.	56
Regulation of protein ubiquitination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the addition of ubiquitin groups to a protein.	198
Regulation of protein-containing complex disassembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of protein complex disassembly, the disaggregation of a protein complex into its constituent components.	122
Regulation of proteolysis involved in protein catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proteolysis involved in cellular catabolic process.	234
Regulation of proton transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of proton transport into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	17
Regulation of rRNA processing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of rRNA processing.	16
Regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process.	42
Regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reactive oxygen species metabolic process.	145
Regulation of receptor binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a protein or other molecule binding to a receptor.	17
Regulation of receptor catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor catabolic process.	11
Regulation of receptor clustering	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor clustering.	14
Regulation of receptor internalization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor internalization.	64
Regulation of receptor localization to synapse	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor localization to synapse.	21
Regulation of receptor recycling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of receptor recycling.	25
Regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor signaling via STAT.	118
Regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor mediated endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by cells, utilizing receptors to ensure specificity of transport.	117
Regulation of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of receptor-mediated endocytosis involved in cholesterol transport.	5
Regulation of regulated secretory pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulated secretory pathway.	127
Regulation of regulatory ncRNA processing	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of regulatory non-coding RNA processing.	17
Regulation of relaxation of cardiac muscle	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of cardiac muscle.	6
Regulation of relaxation of muscle	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of relaxation of muscle.	14
Regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, the process in which cytochrome c is enabled to move from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is an early step in apoptosis and leads to caspase activation.	45
Regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the release into the cytosolic compartment of calcium ions sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria.	82
Regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by sarcoplasmic reticulum	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the process in which the release of sequestered calcium ion by sarcoplasmic reticulum into cytosol occurs via calcium release channels.	30
Regulation of removal of superoxide radicals	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of removal of superoxide radicals.	9
Regulation of renal sodium excretion	Any process that modulates the amount of sodium excreted in urine over a unit of time.	8
Regulation of renal system process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a system process, a multicellular organismal process carried out by the renal system.	21
Regulation of reproductive process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reproductive process.	208
Regulation of respiratory burst	Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	18
Regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	7
Regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment.	24
Regulation of respiratory gaseous exchange by nervous system process	A process carried out by the nervous system that is required for the proper control of respiratory gaseous exchange. This process occurs in the respiratory center of the brain in vertebrates.	12
Regulation of respiratory system process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a respiratory system process, an organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the respiratory system.	15
Regulation of response to cytokine stimulus	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of a response to cytokine stimulus.	179
Regulation of response to drug	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to drug.	14
Regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress.	82
Regulation of response to food	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a response to a food stimulus.	14
Regulation of response to osmotic stress	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the response to osmotic stress.	16
Regulation of response to oxidative stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to oxidative stress.	34
Regulation of response to reactive oxygen species	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to reactive oxygen species.	13
Regulation of response to tumor cell	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a response to tumor cell.	23
Regulation of response to type II interferon	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a response to type II interferon (interferon-gamma). Response to interferon gamma is a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus.	14
Regulation of response to wounding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of response to wounding.	170
Regulation of resting membrane potential	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a resting potential, the electrical charge across the plasma membrane, with the interior of the cell negative with respect to the exterior. The resting potential is the membrane potential of a cell that is not stimulated to be depolarized or hyperpolarized.	10
Regulation of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of retinal ganglion cell axon guidance, the process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.	6
Regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway activity.	16
Regulation of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde protein transport, ER to cytosol.	13
Regulation of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi.	7
Regulation of ribonuclease activity	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of ribonuclease activity, catalysis of the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds in chains of RNA.	9
Regulation of ribosome biogenesis	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of ribosome subunits.	9
Regulation of ruffle assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ruffle assembly.	32
Regulation of ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel activity	Any process that modulates the activity of a ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel. The ryanodine-sensitive calcium-release channel catalyzes the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a channel that opens when a ryanodine class ligand has been bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts.	26
Regulation of saliva secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of saliva from a cell or a tissue.	7
Regulation of sarcomere organization	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of myofibril assembly by organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.	9
Regulation of secondary heart field cardioblast proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cardioblast proliferation in the second heart field. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating. The secondary heart field is the region of the heart that will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, the arterial pole (outflow tract) and the venous pole (inflow tract).	9
Regulation of secondary metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of secondary metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon.	16
Regulation of sensory perception	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sensory perception, the series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal.	18
Regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sequestering of triglyceride. Triglyceride sequestration is the process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.	15
Regulation of serine-type peptidase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of serine-type peptidase activity.	7
Regulation of serotonin secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of serotonin.	7
Regulation of short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity	A process that modulates short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity, the ability of neuronal synapses to change in the short-term as circumstances require. Short-term neuronal synaptic plasticity generally involves increasing or decreasing synaptic sensitivity.	16
Regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signal transduction by p53 class mediator.	106
Regulation of signaling receptor activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a signaling receptor activity. Receptor activity is when a molecule combines with an extracellular or intracellular messenger to initiate a change in cell activity.	110
Regulation of sister chromatid cohesion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid cohesion.	17
Regulation of sister chromatid segregation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sister chromatid segregation.	104
Regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation	Any process in which skeletal muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.	14
Regulation of skeletal muscle cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell differentiation.	19
Regulation of skeletal muscle cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle cell proliferation.	16
Regulation of skeletal muscle contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction.	18
Regulation of skeletal muscle contraction by calcium ion signaling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle contraction by changing the calcium ion signals that trigger contraction.	7
Regulation of skeletal muscle fiber development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle fiber development. Muscle fibers are formed by the maturation of myotubes. They can be classed as slow, intermediate/fast or fast.	11
Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation.	12
Regulation of skeletal muscle tissue development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle tissue development.	26
Regulation of skeletal muscle tissue growth	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle growth.	7
Regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle.	8
Regulation of small GTPase mediated signal transduction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of small GTPase mediated signal transduction.	295
Regulation of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of smooth muscle cell chemotaxis.	6
Regulation of smooth muscle cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle cell differentiation.	41
Regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smooth muscle contraction.	60
Regulation of smoothened signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling.	86
Regulation of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning.	11
Regulation of snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of snRNA transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.	5
Regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transport.	58
Regulation of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity.	48
Regulation of sodium ion transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	82
Regulation of sodium-dependent phosphate transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sodium-dependent phosphate transport.	5
Regulation of somatic stem cell population maintenance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somatic stem cell population maintenance.	12
Regulation of somitogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of somitogenesis.	6
Regulation of sphingolipid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipid biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).	13
Regulation of spindle assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of spindle assembly. Spindle assembly is the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.	33
Regulation of spindle organization	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle.	47
Regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmission	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of spontaneous synaptic transmission.	6
Regulation of sprouting angiogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of sprouting angiogenesis.	58
Regulation of stem cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell differentiation.	78
Regulation of stem cell division	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell division.	12
Regulation of stem cell population maintenance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell population maintenance.	74
Regulation of stem cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of stem cell proliferation. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.	94
Regulation of steroid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.	82
Regulation of steroid hormone biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroid hormones,compounds with a 1, 2, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus that act as hormones.	15
Regulation of steroid hormone secretion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of steroid hormone secretion.	22
Regulation of steroid metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids.	104
Regulation of sterol transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	76
Regulation of store-operated calcium channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium channel activity.	6
Regulation of store-operated calcium entry	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of store-operated calcium entry.	15
Regulation of stress granule assembly	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of stress granule assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.	8
Regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of signaling via a stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade.	190
Regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle cell differentiation.	95
Regulation of striated muscle contraction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle contraction.	98
Regulation of striated muscle tissue development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of striated muscle development.	18
Regulation of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading.	61
Regulation of sulfur metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving sulfur, the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur.	14
Regulation of superoxide anion generation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell.	19
Regulation of superoxide dismutase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity.	6
Regulation of superoxide metabolic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of superoxide metabolism, the chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.	30
Regulation of synapse assembly	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse assembly, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.	113
Regulation of synapse maturation	Any process that modulates the extent of synapse maturation, the process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state.	20
Regulation of synapse pruning	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse pruning.	6
Regulation of synapse structural plasticity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synapse structural plasticity. Synapse structural plasticity is a type of cytoskeletal remodeling; this remodeling is induced by stimuli that can lead to long term potentiation and it can be activity-dependent or -independent. Examples of cytoskeletal changes include the formation of new spines and increase in spine size; this can be accompanied by the insertion of greater numbers of glutamate (or other neurotransmitter) receptors into the post-synaptic membrane.	8
Regulation of synapse structure or activity	Any process that modulates the physical form or the activity of a synapse, the junction between a neuron and a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell).	249
Regulation of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junctions.	6
Regulation of synaptic plasticity	A process that modulates synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to change as circumstances require. They may alter function, such as increasing or decreasing their sensitivity, or they may increase or decrease in actual numbers.	214
Regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of GABAergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	35
Regulation of synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cholinergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.	8
Regulation of synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of dopaminergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter dopamine.	9
Regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of glutamatergic synaptic transmission, the process of communication from a neuron to another neuron across a synapse using the neurotransmitter glutamate.	78
Regulation of synaptic vesicle clustering	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle clustering.	6
Regulation of synaptic vesicle cycle	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the synaptic vesicle cycle.	13
Regulation of synaptic vesicle endocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle endocytosis.	19
Regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle exocytosis.	44
Regulation of synaptic vesicle membrane organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle membrane organization.	12
Regulation of synaptic vesicle priming	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle priming. Synaptic vesicle priming is the formation of SNARE-containing complexes, bringing synaptic vesicle membrane and plasma membranes into close proximity and thereby facilitating membrane fusion.	7
Regulation of synaptic vesicle recycling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle recycling.	26
Regulation of synaptic vesicle transport	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of synaptic vesicle transport.	5
Regulation of syncytium formation by plasma membrane fusion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane, by the fusion of the plasma membranes of two or more individual cells.	30
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	The process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the systemic arterial circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.	94
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by baroreceptor feedback	The neural regulation of blood pressure in which baroreceptors sense the amount of stretch occurring in vessels and respond to the input via central nervous system control.	5
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin	The process in which angiotensinogen metabolites in the bloodstream modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. The process begins when renin is released and cleaves angiotensinogen.	17
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by endothelin	The process in which endothelin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. Endothelin is a hormone that is released by the endothelium, and it is a vasoconstrictor.	6
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by hormone	The process in which hormones modulate the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system. A hormone is one of a group of substances formed in very small amounts in one specialized organ or group of cells and carried (sometimes in the bloodstream) to another organ or group of cells, in the same organism, upon which they have a specific regulatory action.	38
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by norepinephrine-epinephrine	The process in which the secretion of norepinephrine or epinephrine into the bloodstream modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.	8
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin	The process in which renin-angiotensin modulates the force with which blood passes through the circulatory system.	24
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by vasopressin	The regulation of blood pressure mediated by the signaling molecule vasopressin. Vasopressin is produced in the hypothalamus, and affects vasoconstriction, and renal water transport.	5
Regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure mediated by a chemical signal	The regulation of blood pressure mediated by biochemical signaling: hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.	47
Regulation of t-circle formation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of t-circle formation.	7
Regulation of tau-protein kinase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tau-protein kinase activity.	13
Regulation of telomerase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomerase activity, the catalysis of the reaction: deoxynucleoside triphosphate + DNA(n) = diphosphate + DNA(n+1). Telomerases catalyze extension of the 3'- end of a DNA strand by one deoxynucleotide at a time using an internal RNA template that encodes the telomeric repeat sequence.	49
Regulation of telomere capping	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere capping.	26
Regulation of telomere maintenance	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process that affects and monitors the activity of telomeric proteins and the length of telomeric DNA.	104
Regulation of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage.	19
Regulation of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening.	61
Regulation of termination of DNA-templated transcription	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent, or location of DNA-templated transcription termination, the process in which transcription is completed; the formation of phosphodiester bonds ceases, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, and RNA polymerase releases the DNA.	5
Regulation of testosterone biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of testosterone biosynthetic process.	7
Regulation of tetrapyrrole metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tetrapyrrole metabolic process.	10
Regulation of the force of heart contraction	Any process that modulates the extent of heart contraction, changing the force with which blood is propelled.	26
Regulation of the force of heart contraction by chemical signal	The regulation of the force of heart muscle contraction mediated by chemical signaling, hormonal, autocrine or paracrine.	6
Regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Any process that modulates the occurrence or rate of thymocyte death by apoptotic process.	14
Regulation of thyroid hormone generation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of thyroid hormone generation.	7
Regulation of tissue remodeling	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tissue remodeling.	79
Regulation of tolerance induction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of tolerance induction.	20
Regulation of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway.	12
Regulation of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway.	12
Regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.	30
Regulation of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway.	6
Regulation of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway.	11
Regulation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of toll-like receptor signaling pathway.	27
Regulation of tooth mineralization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of tooth mineralization, the deposition of calcium salts in tooth structures.	12
Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.	48
Regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.	30
Regulation of transcription by glucose	Any process involving glucose that modulates the frequency, rate or extent or transcription.	10
Regulation of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription elongation, the extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance by the addition of ribonucleotides, catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.	86
Regulation of transcription of nucleolar large rRNA by RNA polymerase I	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription of nuclear large rRNA mediated by RNA polymerase I.	15
Regulation of transcription regulatory region DNA binding	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription regulatory region DNA binding.	40
Regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 production	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of production of transforming growth factor-beta1.	14
Regulation of translation at synapse	Any process that regulates translation occurring at the synapse.	6
Regulation of translation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.	12
Regulation of translation in response to stress	Modulation of the frequency, rate or extent of translation as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress. The stress is usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).	21
Regulation of translation initiation in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of endoplasmic reticulum stress.	8
Regulation of translational elongation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, extent or accuracy of translational elongation.	13
Regulation of translational fidelity	Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.	18
Regulation of translational initiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational initiation.	83
Regulation of translational initiation by eIF2 alpha phosphorylation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation in response to stress by the phosphorylation of eIF2 alpha.	10
Regulation of translational initiation in response to stress	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translation initiation, as a result of a stimulus indicating the organism is under stress.	14
Regulation of translational termination	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of translational termination.	9
Regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a transmembrane receptor serine/threonine kinase binding to its physiological ligand.	287
Regulation of transmission of nerve impulse	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transmission of a nerve impulse, the sequential electrochemical polarization and depolarization that travels across the membrane of a neuron in response to stimulation.	15
Regulation of transporter activity	Any process that modulates the activity of a transporter.	264
Regulation of triglyceride biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of triglyceride biosynthesis. Triglyceride biosynthesis is the collection of chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	21
Regulation of triglyceride catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of triglyceride.	13
Regulation of triglyceride metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	42
Regulation of tube size	Ensuring that a tube is of the correct length and diameter. Tube size must be maintained not only during tube formation, but also throughout development and in some physiological processes.	145
Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway. The tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway is the series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of tumor necrosis factor binding to a cell surface receptor.	58
Regulation of type 2 immune response	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate, or extent of a type 2 immune response.	34
Regulation of type B pancreatic cell development	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of pancreatic B cell development.	8
Regulation of type B pancreatic cell proliferation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of type B pancreatic cell proliferation.	14
Regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of a type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway.	44
Regulation of ubiquitin protein ligase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin protein ligase activity.	18
Regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process.	178
Regulation of ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of ubiquitin transferase activity.	39
Regulation of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process.	15
Regulation of urine volume	Any process that modulates the amount of urine excreted from the body over a unit of time.	21
Regulation of vacuole organization	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of a process involved in the formation, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.	57
Regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell dedifferentiation.	5
Regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation.	23
Regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle contraction	Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of vascular smooth muscle contraction.	10
Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway activity.	33
Regulation of vascular permeability	Any process that modulates the extent to which blood vessels can be pervaded by fluid.	50
Regulation of vascular wound healing	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.	12
Regulation of vasculogenesis	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vasculogenesis.	16
Regulation of vasoconstriction	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of reductions in the diameter of blood vessels.	64
Regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of action potential creation, propagation or termination in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell contributing to the regulation of its contraction. This typically occurs via modulation of the activity or expression of voltage-gated ion channels.	12
Regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane depolarization	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the depolarizing direction away from the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.	7
Regulation of ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	Any process that modulates the establishment or extent of a membrane potential in the polarizing direction towards the resting potential in a ventricular cardiomyocyte.	22
Regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance is the process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	5
Regulation of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency or extent of very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling. Very-low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling is the acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a very-low-density lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by hepatic lipase or lipoprotein lipase and the subsequent loss of free fatty acid.	6
Regulation of vesicle fusion	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vesicle fusion.	24
Regulation of vesicle size	Any process that modulates the size of a vesicle.	19
Regulation of viral genome replication	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of viral genome replication.	85
Regulation of viral process	Any process that modulates the rate or extent of the viral life cycle, the set of processes by which a virus reproduces and spreads among hosts.	168
Regulation of viral transcription	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the transcription of the viral genome.	19
Regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process	Any process that modulates the rate frequency or extent of a vitamin D biosynthetic process. Vitamin D biosynthesis is the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).	7
Regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway activity.	10
Regulation of vitamin metabolic process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.	12
Regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated calcium channel activity.	35
Regulation of voltage-gated sodium channel activity	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of voltage-gated sodium channel activity.	8
Regulation of wound healing	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of the series of events that restore integrity to a damaged tissue, following an injury.	130
Regulation of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells.	9
Regulation of xenobiotic detoxification by transmembrane export across the plasma membrane	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xenobiotic transmembrane export. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	11
Regulation of xenophagy	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of xenophagy.	9
Regulation protein catabolic process at synapse	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein at the synapse.	6
Regulatory T cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a regulatory T cell. Regulatory T cells control or suppress immune responses through a variety of mechanisms and subsets include the CD4+CD25+ cell type as well as certain CD8+ cell types.	41
Regulatory ncRNA processing	A process leading to the generation of a functional regulatory non-coding RNA.	87
Relaxation of cardiac muscle	The process in which the extent of cardiac muscle contraction is reduced.	17
Relaxation of muscle	A process in which the extent of muscle contraction is reduced. Muscle relaxation can involve a number of processes including the removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases. In some muscles, calcium-independent pathways also play a role in muscle relaxation by decreasing the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain.	34
Relaxation of smooth muscle	A process in which the extent of smooth muscle contraction is reduced. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.	9
Relaxation of vascular associated smooth muscle	A negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction resulting in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. The relaxation is mediated by a decrease in the phosphorylation state of myosin light chain. This can be achieved by removal of calcium from the cytoplasm to the sarcoplasmic reticulum lumen through the action of Ca2+ ATPases leading to a decrease myosin light chain kinase activity, and through calcium-independent pathways leading to a increase in myosin light chain phosphatase activity.	6
Release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	The process that results in the movement of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol, which is part of the apoptotic signaling pathway and leads to caspase activation.	56
Release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol by endoplasmic reticulum	The directed movement of calcium ion from endoplasmic reticulum to cytosol.	36
Renal absorption	A renal system process in which water, ions, glucose and proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).	33
Renal albumin absorption	A renal system process in which albumin is taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron.	5
Renal control of peripheral vascular resistance involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	The renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system, by impeding blood flow through the peripheral vasculature.	5
Renal filtration	A renal system process in which fluid circulating through the body is filtered through a barrier system.	30
Renal protein absorption	A renal system process in which proteins are taken up from the collecting ducts, glomerulus and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures (e.g. protein absorption is observed in nephrocytes in Drosophila, see PMID:23264686).	8
Renal response to blood flow involved in circulatory renin-angiotensin regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	The physiological response of the kidneys to a decrease in blood flow.	6
Renal sodium excretion	The elimination of sodium ions from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine.	11
Renal sodium ion absorption	A renal system process in which sodium ions are taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.	13
Renal sodium ion transport	The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) by the renal system.	15
Renal system process	A organ system process carried out by any of the organs or tissues of the renal system. The renal system maintains fluid balance, and contributes to electrolyte balance, acid/base balance, and disposal of nitrogenous waste products. In humans, the renal system comprises a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, sphincter muscle and associated blood vessels; in other species, the renal system may comprise related structures (e.g., nephrocytes and malpighian tubules in Drosophila).	125
Renal system process involved in regulation of blood volume	A slow mechanism of blood pressure regulation that responds to changes in pressure resulting from fluid and salt intake by modulating the quantity of blood in the circulatory system.	14
Renal system process involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	Renal process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.	24
Renal system vasculature development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of vasculature of the renal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	32
Renal system vasculature morphogenesis	The process in which the renal system vasculature is generated and organized. Morphogenesis pertains to the creation of form.	8
Renal tubular secretion	The elimination of substances from peritubular capillaries (or surrounding hemolymph in invertebrates) into the renal tubules to be incorporated subsequently into the urine. Substances that are secreted include organic anions, ammonia, potassium and drugs.	18
Renal tubule development	The progression of the renal tubule over time from its formation to the mature form. A renal tubule is a tube that filters, re-absorbs and secretes substances to rid an organism of waste and to play a role in fluid homeostasis.	104
Renal vesicle development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the renal vesicle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An epithelium is a tissue that covers the internal or external surfaces of an anatomical structure. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.	18
Renal vesicle formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the renal vesicle from condensed mesenchymal cells. The renal vesicle is the primordial structure of the nephron epithelium, and is formed by the condensation of mesenchymal cells.	8
Renal water absorption	A renal system process in which water is taken up from the collecting ducts and proximal and distal loops of the nephron. In non-mammalian species, absorption may occur in related structures.	6
Renal water homeostasis	Renal process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of water in the body.	24
Renal water transport	The directed movement of water (H2O) by the renal system.	9
Replacement ossification	Ossification that requires the replacement of a preexisting tissue prior to bone tissue formation.	31
Replication-born double-strand break repair via sister chromatid exchange	The repair of a replication-born double-strand DNA break in which the DNA molecule is repaired using the homologous sequence of the sister chromatid which serves as a template to repair the breaks.	7
Replicative senescence	A cell aging process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to telomere shortening and/or cellular aging.	17
Reproductive behavior	The specific behavior of an organism that is associated with reproduction.	43
Rescue of stalled ribosome	A process of translational elongation that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and results in freeing the ribosome from the stalled translation complex.	25
Resolution of DNA recombination intermediates	The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.	6
Resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates	The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during meiotic recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged.	17
Respiratory burst	A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	40
Respiratory burst involved in defense response	A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases made as part of a defense response ; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals.	16
Respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response	A phase of elevated metabolic activity, during which oxygen consumption increases following a stimulus as part of an inflammatory response; this leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, resulting in an increase in their intracellular or extracellular levels.	9
Respiratory chain complex III assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the cytochrome bc(1) complex, a transmembrane lipoprotein complex that it catalyzes the reduction of cytochrome c by accepting reducing equivalents from Coenzyme Q, by the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of its constituents.	9
Respiratory chain complex IV assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form respiratory chain complex IV (also known as cytochrome c oxidase), the terminal member of the respiratory chain of the mitochondrion and some aerobic bacteria. Cytochrome c oxidases are multi-subunit enzymes containing from 13 subunits in the mammalian mitochondrial form to 3-4 subunits in the bacterial forms.	28
Respiratory electron transport chain	A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient.	122
Respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system	The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.	73
Respiratory system development	The progression of the respiratory system over time from its formation to its mature structure. The respiratory system carries out respiratory gaseous exchange.	212
Respiratory system process	A process carried out by the organs or tissues of the respiratory system. The respiratory system is an organ system responsible for respiratory gaseous exchange.	38
Response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxine stimulus.	5
Response to ATP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) stimulus.	33
Response to BMP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) stimulus.	175
Response to Gram-positive bacterium	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a Gram-positive bacterium.	5
Response to L-ascorbic acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) stimulus.	6
Response to L-glutamate	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an L-glutamate stimulus.	15
Response to L-leucine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-leucine stimulus.	15
Response to L-phenylalanine derivative	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a L-phenylalanine derivative stimulus.	6
Response to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine stimulus.	5
Response to UV	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ultraviolet radiation (UV light) stimulus. Ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 380 nanometers.	151
Response to UV-A	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-A radiation stimulus. UV-A radiation (UV-A light) spans the wavelengths 315 to 400 nm.	14
Response to UV-B	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-B radiation stimulus. UV-B radiation (UV-B light) spans the wavelengths 280 to 315 nm.	21
Response to UV-C	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a UV-C radiation stimulus. UV-C radiation (UV-C light) spans the wavelengths 100 to 280 nm.	13
Response to X-ray	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz).	29
Response to acetylcholine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an acetylcholine stimulus.	37
Response to acid chemical	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by the chemical structure of the anion portion of a dissociated acid (rather than the acid acting as a proton donor). The acid chemical may be in gaseous, liquid or solid form.	138
Response to acidic pH	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus with pH < 7. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.	29
Response to actinomycin D	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an actinomycin D stimulus.	5
Response to activity	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an activity stimulus.	72
Response to alcohol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alcohol stimulus.	255
Response to aldosterone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an aldosterone stimulus.	18
Response to alkaloid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an alkaloid stimulus. Alkaloids are a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants, many of which have extracts that are pharmacologically active.	92
Response to amine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amine stimulus. An amine is a compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups.	47
Response to amino acid starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of amino acids.	53
Response to ammonium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ammonium stimulus.	6
Response to amphetamine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine.	31
Response to amyloid-beta	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a amyloid-beta stimulus.	55
Response to angiotensin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an angiotensin stimulus. Angiotensin is any of three physiologically active peptides (angiotensin II, III, or IV) processed from angiotensinogen.	37
Response to antibiotic	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an antibiotic stimulus. An antibiotic is a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms.	37
Response to arsenic-containing substance	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides.	32
Response to auditory stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an auditory stimulus.	31
Response to axon injury	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an axon injury stimulus.	83
Response to bacterial lipoprotein	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bacterial lipoprotein stimulus.	9
Response to bile acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a bile acid stimulus.	7
Response to blue light	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a blue light stimulus. Blue light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of between 440 and 500nm.	6
Response to cAMP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.	86
Response to cGMP	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cGMP (cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate) stimulus.	9
Response to cadmium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cadmium (Cd) ion stimulus.	59
Response to caffeine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a caffeine stimulus. Caffeine is an alkaloid found in numerous plant species, where it acts as a natural pesticide that paralyzes and kills certain insects feeding upon them.	15
Response to calcium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a calcium ion stimulus.	144
Response to carbohydrate	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a carbohydrate stimulus.	229
Response to catecholamine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a catecholamine stimulus. A catecholamine is any of a group of biogenic amines that includes 4-(2-aminoethyl)pyrocatechol and derivatives formed by substitution.	89
Response to cell cycle checkpoint signaling	A process that occurs in response to signals generated as a result of cell cycle checkpoint signaling.	8
Response to chemokine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a chemokine stimulus.	96
Response to cobalt ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cobalt ion (Co2+) stimulus.	10
Response to cocaine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cocaine stimulus. Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.	49
Response to cold	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cold stimulus, a temperature stimulus below the optimal temperature for that organism.	44
Response to copper ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus.	37
Response to corticosteroid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosteroid hormone stimulus. A corticosteroid is a steroid hormone that is produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior. They include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.	148
Response to corticosterone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticosterone stimulus. Corticosterone is a 21 carbon steroid hormone of the corticosteroid type, produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands. In many species, corticosterone is the principal glucocorticoid, involved in regulation of fuel metabolism, immune reactions, and stress responses.	14
Response to corticotropin-releasing hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Corticotropin-releasing hormone is a peptide hormone involved in the stress response.	5
Response to cortisol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a cortisol stimulus. Cortisol is the major natural glucocorticoid synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has appreciable mineralocorticoid activity. It also regulates the immune system and affects many other functions.	6
Response to dexamethasone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dexamethasone stimulus.	38
Response to diacyl bacterial lipopeptide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a diacylated bacterial lipopeptide stimulus.	5
Response to dietary excess	The physiological process in which dietary excess is sensed by the central nervous system, resulting in a reduction in food intake and increased energy expenditure.	35
Response to disaccharide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disaccharide stimulus.	7
Response to dopamine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a dopamine stimulus.	73
Response to dsRNA	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a double-stranded RNA stimulus.	56
Response to electrical stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an electrical stimulus.	45
Response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stress acting at the endoplasmic reticulum. ER stress usually results from the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER lumen.	265
Response to epidermal growth factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epidermal growth factor stimulus.	46
Response to epinephrine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an epinephrine stimulus. Epinephrine is a catecholamine that has the formula C9H13NO3; it is secreted by the adrenal medulla to act as a hormone, and released by certain neurons to act as a neurotransmitter active in the central nervous system.	14
Response to erythropoietin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an erythropoietin stimulus. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis.	7
Response to estradiol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen.	113
Response to estrogen	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by an estrogen, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics.	68
Response to ethanol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an ethanol stimulus.	122
Response to ether	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ether stimulus.	12
Response to fatty acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fatty acid stimulus.	55
Response to fibroblast growth factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fibroblast growth factor stimulus.	120
Response to fluid shear stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fluid shear stress stimulus. Fluid shear stress is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface.	33
Response to folic acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a folic acid stimulus.	10
Response to follicle-stimulating hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus.	16
Response to food	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat.	36
Response to forskolin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a forskolin stimulus.	14
Response to fructose	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fructose stimulus.	8
Response to fungicide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a fungicide stimulus. Fungicides are chemicals used to kill fungi.	7
Response to fungus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a fungus.	66
Response to gamma radiation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum.	51
Response to glucagon	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucagon stimulus.	22
Response to glycoprotein	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glycoprotein stimulus.	11
Response to gonadotropin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin stimulus.	28
Response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulus. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary. GnRH is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus.	8
Response to granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.	9
Response to gravity	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gravitational stimulus.	9
Response to growth hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a growth hormone stimulus. Growth hormone is a peptide hormone that binds to the growth hormone receptor and stimulates growth.	38
Response to heat	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heat stimulus, a temperature stimulus above the optimal temperature for that organism.	104
Response to heparin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a heparin stimulus.	7
Response to hepatocyte growth factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hepatocyte growth factor stimulus.	18
Response to histamine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a histamine stimulus. Histamine, the biogenic amine 2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethanamine, is involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.	11
Response to human chorionic gonadotropin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a human chorionic gonadotropin stimulus.	5
Response to hydrogen peroxide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) stimulus.	101
Response to hydroperoxide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroperoxide stimulus. Hydroperoxides are monosubstitution products of hydrogen peroxide, HOOH.	18
Response to hydrostatic pressure	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydrostatic pressure stimulus. Hydrostatic pressure is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is at rest (as opposed to moving). The weight of the fluid above the object creates pressure on it.	7
Response to hydroxyurea	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus.	12
Response to hyperoxia	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension.	20
Response to immobilization stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile.	24
Response to inactivity	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an inactivity stimulus.	12
Response to increased oxygen levels	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting an increase in the level of oxygen.	27
Response to indole-3-methanol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an indole-3-methanol stimulus.	6
Response to insecticide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insecticide stimulus. Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects.	6
Response to insulin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an insulin stimulus. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone produced by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas in mammals, and by the homologous organs of other organisms.	270
Response to interferon-alpha	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-alpha stimulus. Interferon-alpha is a type I interferon.	18
Response to interferon-beta	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-beta stimulus. Interferon-beta is a type I interferon.	33
Response to interleukin-1	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-1 stimulus.	136
Response to interleukin-12	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-12 stimulus.	12
Response to interleukin-15	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-15 stimulus.	12
Response to interleukin-17	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus.	17
Response to interleukin-18	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-18 stimulus.	11
Response to interleukin-2	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-2 stimulus.	11
Response to interleukin-3	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-3 stimulus.	7
Response to interleukin-4	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-4 stimulus.	36
Response to interleukin-6	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-6 stimulus.	43
Response to interleukin-7	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-7 stimulus.	14
Response to interleukin-9	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-9 stimulus.	8
Response to ionizing radiation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays.	139
Response to iron ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron ion stimulus.	30
Response to iron(II) ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(II) ion stimulus.	6
Response to ischemia	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a inadequate blood supply.	62
Response to isoquinoline alkaloid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an isoquinoline alkaloid stimulus. An isoquinoline alkaloid is any member of a group of compounds with the heterocyclic ring structure of benzo(c)pyridine which is a structure characteristic of the group of opium alkaloids.	12
Response to ketone	A response that results in a state of tolerance to ketone.	207
Response to laminar fluid shear stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a laminar fluid shear stress stimulus. Laminar fluid flow is the force acting on an object in a system where the fluid is moving across a solid surface in parallel layers. As an example, laminar shear stress can be seen where blood flows against the luminal side of blood vessel walls.	14
Response to lead ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lead ion stimulus.	21
Response to lectin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lectin stimulus. A lectin is a carbohydrate-binding protein, highly specific for binding sugar moieties.	23
Response to leptin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leptin stimulus. Leptin is a hormone manufactured primarily in the adipocytes of white adipose tissue, and the level of circulating leptin is directly proportional to the total amount of fat in the body. It plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism].	21
Response to leukemia inhibitory factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a leukemia inhibitory factor stimulus.	105
Response to light intensity	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a light intensity stimulus.	18
Response to lipoteichoic acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipoteichoic acid stimulus; lipoteichoic acid is a major component of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria and typically consists of a chain of glycerol-phosphate repeating units linked to a glycolipid anchor.	10
Response to lithium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lithium (Li+) ion stimulus.	15
Response to luteinizing hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a luteinizing hormone stimulus.	7
Response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus.	17
Response to magnesium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a magnesium ion stimulus.	20
Response to manganese ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a manganese ion stimulus.	18
Response to mechanical stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mechanical stimulus.	213
Response to mercury ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mercury ion stimulus.	10
Response to mineralocorticoid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a mineralocorticoid stimulus. Mineralocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol and characterized by their similarity to aldosterone. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.	37
Response to misfolded protein	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a misfolded protein stimulus.	25
Response to mitochondrial depolarisation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) in response to the depolarization of one or more mitochondria.	20
Response to molecule of fungal origin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus by molecules of fungal origin such as chito-octamer oligosaccharide.	5
Response to monosaccharide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a monosaccharide stimulus.	205
Response to muramyl dipeptide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muramyl dipeptide stimulus. Muramyl dipeptide is derived from peptidoglycan.	21
Response to muscle activity	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle activity stimulus.	28
Response to muscle inactivity	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a muscle inactivity stimulus.	9
Response to muscle stretch	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a myofibril being extended beyond its slack length.	25
Response to nematode	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode.	7
Response to nerve growth factor	A process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nerve growth factor stimulus.	48
Response to nicotine	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nicotine stimulus.	51
Response to nitric oxide	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitric oxide stimulus.	20
Response to nitrosative stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nitrosative stress stimulus. Nitrosative stress is a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of nitric oxide (NO) or the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite, which is produced following interaction of NO with superoxide anions.	10
Response to nutrient	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.	154
Response to organophosphorus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organophosphorus stimulus. Organophosphorus is a compound containing phosphorus bound to an organic molecule; several organophosphorus compounds are used as insecticides, and they are highly toxic cholinesterase inhibitors.	128
Response to osmotic stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.	82
Response to oxygen radical	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an oxygen radical stimulus. An oxygen radical is any oxygen species that carries a free electron; examples include hydroxyl radicals and the superoxide anion.	28
Response to oxygen-glucose deprivation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of the deprivation of oxygen and glucose.	14
Response to ozone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ozone stimulus.	5
Response to pH	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pH stimulus. pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.	41
Response to pain	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pain stimulus. Pain stimuli cause activation of nociceptors, peripheral receptors for pain, include receptors which are sensitive to painful mechanical stimuli, extreme heat or cold, and chemical stimuli.	34
Response to parathyroid hormone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a parathyroid hormone stimulus.	13
Response to peptidoglycan	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a peptidoglycan stimulus. Peptidoglycan is a bacterial cell wall macromolecule.	13
Response to pheromone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a pheromone stimulus.	9
Response to phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate stimulus.	10
Response to platelet-derived growth factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a platelet-derived growth factor stimulus.	25
Response to potassium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a potassium ion stimulus.	18
Response to progesterone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a progesterone stimulus.	40
Response to prostaglandin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin stimulus.	32
Response to prostaglandin D	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin D stimulus.	5
Response to prostaglandin E	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a prostagladin E stimulus.	24
Response to protozoan	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a protozoan.	31
Response to purine-containing compound	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a purine-containing compound stimulus.	144
Response to rapamycin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a rapamycin stimulus.	5
Response to reactive oxygen species	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a reactive oxygen species stimulus. Reactive oxygen species include singlet oxygen, superoxide, and oxygen free radicals.	199
Response to redox state	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating redox state. Redox state refers to the balance of oxidized versus reduced forms of electron donors and acceptors in an organelle, cell or organ; plastoquinone, glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and nicotinamide nucleotides (NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH) are among the most important.	13
Response to retinoic acid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a retinoic acid stimulus.	106
Response to salt stress	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of salt (particularly but not exclusively sodium and chloride ions) in the environment.	24
Response to selenium ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from selenium ion.	9
Response to sodium arsenite	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium arsenite stimulus.	6
Response to sodium phosphate	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sodium phosphate stimulus.	8
Response to sorbitol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sorbitol stimulus.	6
Response to starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of nourishment.	215
Response to sterol	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a sterol stimulus.	35
Response to sterol depletion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.	18
Response to stilbenoid	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of exposure to a stilbenoid. Stilbenoids are secondary products of heartwood formation in trees that can act as phytoalexins. Stilbenoids are hydroxylated derivatives of stilbene. They belong to the family of phenylpropanoids and share most of their biosynthesis pathway with chalcones.	8
Response to stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus. This occurs as part of the regulation of muscle adaptation.	13
Response to symbiont	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a symbiont, an organism living with an organism of a different species in close physical association. The symbiont is defined as the smaller of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	6
Response to temperature stimulus	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a temperature stimulus.	172
Response to testosterone	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a testosterone stimulus.	44
Response to thyroid hormone	A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroid hormone stimulus.	28
Response to thyroxine	A change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a thyroxine stimulus.	5
Response to topologically incorrect protein	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a protein that is not folded in its correct three-dimensional structure.	158
Response to toxic substance	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus.	254
Response to transforming growth factor beta	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a transforming growth factor beta stimulus.	289
Response to tumor cell	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a tumor cell.	43
Response to tumor necrosis factor	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a tumor necrosis factor stimulus.	251
Response to type I interferon	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type I interferon stimulus. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.	89
Response to type II interferon	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interferon-gamma stimulus. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.	141
Response to type III interferon	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a type III interferon stimulus. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.	12
Response to vasopressin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vasopressin stimulus.	8
Response to vitamin	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin stimulus.	85
Response to vitamin A	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus.	15
Response to vitamin D	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin D stimulus.	37
Response to vitamin E	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin E stimulus.	8
Response to vitamin K	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin K stimulus.	5
Response to water	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus reflecting the presence, absence, or concentration of water.	13
Response to water deprivation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a water deprivation stimulus, prolonged deprivation of water.	5
Response to yeast	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a yeast species.	7
Response to zinc ion	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a zinc ion stimulus.	51
Response to zinc ion starvation	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a starvation stimulus, deprivation of zinc ion.	9
Reticulophagy	The selective autohagy process in which parts of the endoplasmic reticulum are loaded into autophagosomes, delivered to the vacuole, and degraded in response to changing cellular conditions.	18
Retina development in camera-type eye	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The retina is the innermost layer or coating at the back of the eyeball, which is sensitive to light and in which the optic nerve terminates.	159
Retina homeostasis	A tissue homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium within the retina of the eye, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.	83
Retina layer formation	The process in which the vertebrate retina is organized into three laminae: the outer nuclear layer (ONL), which contains photoreceptor nuclei; the inner nuclear layer (INL), which contains amacrine, bipolar and horizontal cells; and the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Between the inner and outer nuclear layers, the outer plexiform layer (OPL) contains connections between the photoreceptors and bipolar and horizontal cells. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) is positioned between the INL and the ganglion cell layer and contains the dendrites of RGCs and processes of bipolar and amacrine cells. Spanning all layers of the retina are the radially oriented Mueller glia.	25
Retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye	The process in which the anatomical structure of the retina is generated and organized.	65
Retina vasculature development in camera-type eye	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vasculature of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	19
Retina vasculature morphogenesis in camera-type eye	The process in which the vasculature of the retina is generated and organized.	10
Retinal bipolar neuron differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a bipolar cell, the last neuron to be generated in the retina.	8
Retinal blood vessel morphogenesis	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a blood vessel of the retina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	6
Retinal cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a retinal cell.	7
Retinal cell programmed cell death	Programmed cell death that occurs in the developing retina.	6
Retinal cone cell development	Development of a cone cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Cone cells contain the photopigment iodopsin or cyanopsin and are responsible for photopic (daylight) vision.	11
Retinal cone cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal cone cell.	13
Retinal ganglion cell axon guidance	The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a retinal ganglion cell (RGC) is directed to its target in the brain in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.	23
Retinal metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinal, a compound that plays an important role in the visual process in most vertebrates. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. Retinal is one of the forms of vitamin A.	18
Retinal pigment epithelium development	The progression of the retinal pigment epithelium over time, from its initial formation to the mature structure. The retinal pigment epithelium is the melanin-containing layer of cells between the retina and the choroid that absorbs scattered and reflected light and removes waste products produced by the photoreceptor cells.	7
Retinal rod cell development	Development of a rod cell, one of the sensory cells in the eye that reacts to the presence of light. Rod cells contain the photopigment rhodopsin or porphyropsin and are responsible for vision in dim light.	8
Retinal rod cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a retinal rod cell.	15
Retinoic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinoic acid, one of the three components that makes up vitamin A.	33
Retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a retinoic acid binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	32
Retinol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A.	52
Retrograde axonal transport	The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.	22
Retrograde neuronal dense core vesicle transport	The directed movement of neuronal dense core vesicles along axonal microtubules towards the cell body.	5
Retrograde trans-synaptic signaling	Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft.	10
Retrograde trans-synaptic signaling by lipid	Cell-cell signaling from postsynapse to presynapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid ligand.	5
Retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi	The directed movement of membrane-bounded vesicles from endosomes back to the trans-Golgi network where they are recycled for further rounds of transport.	101
Retrograde transport, vesicle recycling within Golgi	The retrograde movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by COP I vesicles. Cis-Golgi vesicles are constantly moving forward through the Golgi stack by cisternal progression, eventually becoming trans-Golgi vesicles. They then selectively transport membrane and luminal proteins from the trans- to the medial-Golgi while leaving others behind in the trans-Golgi cisternae; similarly, they selectively move proteins from the medial- to the cis-Golgi.	9
Retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum	The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.	52
Retrotransposon silencing by heterochromatin formation	A retrotransposon silencing mechanism involving heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin is a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription.	15
Reverse cholesterol transport	The directed movement of peripheral cell cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, towards the liver for catabolism.	18
Reversible differentiation	A phenotypic switching process where a cell reversibly differentiates and dedifferentiates from one cell type into another.	10
Rho protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette in which a small monomeric GTPase of the Rho subfamily relays a signal.	137
Rhodopsin mediated signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway that starts with an opsin being activated by a photon, and ending with the light signal being trasmitted through the synapses. The signal can be transmitted via different Galpha subunits types: Go, Gs, Gq, and Gt.	14
Rhombomere development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the rhombomere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Rhombomeres are transverse segments of the developing rhombencephalon. Rhombomeres are lineage restricted, express different genes from one another, and adopt different developmental fates.	8
Rhythmic behavior	The specific behavior of an organism that recur with measured regularity.	44
Rhythmic process	Any process pertinent to the generation and maintenance of rhythms in the physiology of an organism.	295
Riboflavin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).	5
Riboflavin transport	The directed movement of riboflavin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin, converted in the cell to FMN and FAD, cofactors required for the function of flavoproteins.	6
Ribonucleoprotein complex localization	Any process in which a ribonucleoprotein complex is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location within a cell.	9
Ribonucleoside catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.	20
Ribonucleoside diphosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	9
Ribonucleoside diphosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	8
Ribonucleoside diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside diphosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with diphosphate on the sugar.	30
Ribonucleoside metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any ribonucleoside, a nucleoside in which purine or pyrimidine base is linked to a ribose (beta-D-ribofuranose) molecule.	35
Ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	35
Ribonucleoside monophosphate catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	15
Ribonucleoside monophosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a ribonucleoside monophosphate, a compound consisting of a nucleobase linked to a ribose sugar esterified with phosphate on the sugar.	60
Ribonucleotide catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a ribonucleotide, a compound consisting of ribonucleoside (a base linked to a ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.	52
Ribose phosphate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ribose phosphate, any phosphorylated ribose sugar.	231
Ribosomal large subunit assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the large ribosomal subunit.	26
Ribosomal large subunit biogenesis	A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a large ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.	76
Ribosomal large subunit export from nucleus	The directed movement of a ribosomal large subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	7
Ribosomal small subunit assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of constituent RNAs and proteins to form the small ribosomal subunit.	17
Ribosomal small subunit biogenesis	A cellular process that results in the biosynthesis of constituent macromolecules, assembly, and arrangement of constituent parts of a small ribosomal subunit; includes transport to the sites of protein synthesis.	101
Ribosomal small subunit export from nucleus	The directed movement of a ribosomal small subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	8
Ribosomal subunit export from nucleus	The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm.	14
Ribosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of the mature ribosome and of its subunits.	62
Ribosome disassembly	The disaggregation of a ribosome into its constituent components; includes the dissociation of ribosomal subunits.	13
Ribosome-associated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide encoded by an aberrant message and associated with a stalled ribosome. Degradation is initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the ribosome-associated protein.	7
Righting reflex	A reflex process in which an animal immediately tries to turn over after being placed in a supine position.	8
Roof of mouth development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the roof of the mouth from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The roof of the mouth is the partition that separates the nasal and oral cavities.	91
Rostrocaudal neural tube patterning	The process in which the neural tube is divided into specific regions along the rostrocaudal axis.	11
Roundabout signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a SLIT protein binding to a Roundabout (ROBO) family receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	5
Ruffle assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell; the protrusions are supported by a microfilament meshwork. The formation of ruffles (also called membrane ruffling) is thought to be controlled by a group of enzymes known as Rho GTPases, specifically RhoA, Rac1 and cdc42.	45
Ruffle organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a ruffle, a projection at the leading edge of a crawling cell.	57
S-adenosylmethionine cycle	A cyclic series of interconversions involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, L-cysteine, and L-methionine. Couples utilization of the methyl group of SAM with recycling of the homocysteinyl group and regeneration of methionine.	7
S-adenosylmethionine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.	15
S-shaped body morphogenesis	The process in which the S-shaped body is generated and organized. The S-shaped body is the successor of the comma-shaped body that contributes to the morphogenesis of the nephron.	7
SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell communication	The process that mediates interactions between an SA node cardiomyocyte and its surroundings that contributes to the process of the SA node cardiomyocyte communicating with an atrial cardiomyocyte in cardiac conduction. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.	11
SA node cell to atrial cardiac muscle cell signaling	Any process that mediates the transfer of information from an SA node cardiomyocyte to an atrial cardiomyocyte.	9
SCF-dependent proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of ubiquitin, with ubiquitin-protein ligation catalyzed by an SCF (Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein) complex, and mediated by the proteasome.	47
SMAD protein signal transduction	An intracellular signaling cassette that starts with the activation of a SMAD protein, leading to the formation of a complex with co-SMADs, which translocates to the nucleus and regulates transcription of specific target genes.	82
SNARE complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a SNARE complex, a protein complex involved in membrane fusion; a stable ternary complex consisting of a four-helix bundle, usually formed from one R-SNARE and three Q-SNAREs with an ionic layer sandwiched between hydrophobic layers.	23
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane	The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.	22
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition	The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.	9
SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation	The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.	8
Saliva secretion	The regulated release of saliva from the salivary glands. In man, the saliva is a turbid and slightly viscous fluid, generally of an alkaline reaction, and is secreted by the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. In the mouth the saliva is mixed with the secretion from the buccal glands. In man and many animals, saliva is an important digestive fluid on account of the presence of the peculiar enzyme, ptyalin.	13
Salivary gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.	34
Sarcomere organization	The myofibril assembly process that results in the organization of muscle actomyosin into sarcomeres. The sarcomere is the repeating unit of a myofibril in a muscle cell, composed of an array of overlapping thick and thin filaments between two adjacent Z discs.	45
Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ion transport	The directed movement of calcium ions (Ca2+) into, out of or within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.	42
Satellite cell activation involved in skeletal muscle regeneration	The process that initiates skeletal muscle satellite cell division by causing it to move from quiescence to the G1 stage of the cell cycle. The cell swells and there are a number of other small changes. The cells then start to divide. Following cell division the cells will differentiate. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.	5
Schwann cell development	The process aimed at the progression of a Schwann cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.	30
Schwann cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a Schwann cell. Schwann cells are found in the peripheral nervous system, where they insulate neurons and axons, and regulate the environment in which neurons function.	38
Schwann cell migration	The orderly movement of a Schwann cell from one site to another. A Schwann cell is a glial cell that ensheathes axons of neuron in the peripheral nervous system and is necessary for their maintenance and function.	7
Schwann cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of Schwann cells, resulting in the expansion of their population. Schwann cells are a type of glial cell in the peripheral nervous system.	11
Sebaceous gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sebaceous gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	10
Secondary heart field specification	The process that results in the delineation of a specific region of the lateral mesoderm into the area which will form the majority of the mesodermal component of the right ventricle, arterial pole (outflow tract) and venous pole (inflow tract).	11
Secondary metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in many of the chemical changes of compounds that are not necessarily required for growth and maintenance of cells, and are often unique to a taxon. In multicellular organisms secondary metabolism is generally carried out in specific cell types, and may be useful for the organism as a whole. In unicellular organisms, secondary metabolism is often used for the production of antibiotics or for the utilization and acquisition of unusual nutrients.	57
Secondary palate development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the secondary palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure. The secondary palate is the part of the palate formed from the fusion of the two palatine shelves, extensions of the maxillary prominences.	26
Secretion by tissue	The controlled release of a substance by a tissue.	44
Secretion of lysosomal enzymes	The controlled release of lysosomal enzymes by a cell.	7
Secretory granule localization	Any process in which a secretory granule is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	14
Secretory granule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a secretory granule. A secretory granule is a small subcellular vesicle, surrounded by a membrane, that is formed from the Golgi apparatus and contains a highly concentrated protein destined for secretion.	62
Segment specification	The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.	17
Segmentation	The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis.	103
Self proteolysis	The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their own peptide bonds.	12
Semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a semaphorin receptor (composed of a plexin and a neurophilin) binding to a semaphorin ligand.	44
Semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway involved in neuron projection guidance	Any semaphorin-plexin signaling pathway that is involved in neuron projection guidance.	16
Semi-lunar valve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a semi-lunar valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	47
Semicircular canal development	The progression of the semicircular canal from its initial formation to the mature structure.	9
Semicircular canal morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the semicircular canals are generated and organized.	7
Seminiferous tubule development	The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the seminiferous tubule over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Seminiferous tubules are ducts located in the testicles, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of gametes, namely spermatozoa.	16
Sensory organ morphogenesis	Morphogenesis of a sensory organ. A sensory organ is defined as a tissue or set of tissues that work together to receive and transmit signals from external or internal stimuli. Morphogenesis is the process in which anatomical structures are generated and organized. Organs are commonly observed as visibly distinct structures, but may also exist as loosely associated clusters of cells that work together to perform a specific function or functions.	276
Sensory perception of bitter taste	The series of events required to receive a bitter taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.	45
Sensory perception of light stimulus	The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory light stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.	222
Sensory perception of mechanical stimulus	The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory mechanical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.	180
Sensory perception of pain	The series of events required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Pain is medically defined as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness, so can hence be described as a harmful stimulus which signals current (or impending) tissue damage. Pain may come from extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, electricity or from noxious chemical substances. This is a neurological process.	78
Sensory perception of sour taste	The series of events required to receive a sour taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.	9
Sensory perception of sweet taste	The series of events required to receive a sweet taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.	7
Sensory perception of taste	The series of events required for an organism to receive a gustatory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Gustation involves the direct detection of chemical composition, usually through contact with chemoreceptor cells. This is a neurological process.	67
Sensory perception of temperature stimulus	The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.	27
Sensory perception of umami taste	The series of events required to receive an umami taste stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Umami taste is the savory taste of meats and other foods that are rich in glutamates. This is a neurological process.	7
Septum primum development	The progression of the septum primum over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	5
Sequestering of BMP in extracellular matrix	Confining a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to the extracellular matrix (ECM), such that it is separated from other components of the signaling pathway, including its cell surface receptor. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are secreted as homodimers, non-covalently associated with N-terminal pro-peptides, and are targeted to the extracellular matrix through interaction with matrix proteins.	5
Sequestering of actin monomers	The selective interaction of actin monomers with specific molecules that inhibit their polymerization by preventing their access to other monomers.	10
Sequestering of calcium ion	The process of binding or confining calcium ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.	142
Sequestering of extracellular ligand from receptor	The process of binding or confining an extracellular signaling ligand, such that the ligand is unable to bind to its cell surface receptor.	11
Sequestering of iron ion	The process of binding or confining iron ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.	8
Sequestering of metal ion	The process of binding or confining metal ions such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.	12
Sequestering of triglyceride	The process of binding or confining any triester of glycerol such that it is separated from other components of a biological system.	18
Serine family amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.	20
Serine family amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.	14
Serine family amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids of the serine family, comprising cysteine, glycine, homoserine, selenocysteine and serine.	39
Serine phosphorylation of STAT protein	The process of introducing a phosphate group to a serine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.	24
Serine transport	The directed movement of L-serine, 2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
Serotonin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.	11
Serotonin receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.	28
Serotonin secretion	The regulated release of serotonin by a cell. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine synthesised in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system, enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract and some immune system cells.	10
Serotonin transport	The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.	22
Serotonin uptake	The directed movement of serotonin into a cell, typically presynaptic neurons or glial cells. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.	13
Sertoli cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a Sertoli cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to a Sertoli cell fate.	15
Sertoli cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a Sertoli cell. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.	22
Sertoli cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of Sertoli cells, resulting in the expansion of the Sertoli cell population. A Sertoli cell is a supporting cell projecting inward from the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules.	5
Sex determination	Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.	22
Sex differentiation	The establishment of the sex of an organism by physical differentiation.	286
Sex-chromosome dosage compensation	Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.	33
Short-chain fatty acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a short-chain fatty acid. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.	7
Short-chain fatty acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a short-chain fatty acid. A short-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing fewer than 6 carbons.	16
Short-term memory	The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.	11
Sialylation	The covalent attachment of sialic acid to a substrate molecule.	8
Signal complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.	8
Signal peptide processing	The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.	14
Signal transduction by p53 class mediator	An intracellular signaling process that is induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53 or an equivalent protein.	175
Signal transduction in absence of ligand	The series of molecular signals initiated by the absence of a ligand or the withdrawal of a ligand from a receptor.	66
Signal transduction in response to DNA damage	A cascade of processes induced by the detection of DNA damage within a cell.	189
Signal transduction involved in regulation of gene expression	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression as a consequence of a process in which a signal is released and/or conveyed from one location to another.	22
Signaling receptor ligand precursor processing	The cleavage of a peptide bond in a precursor form of a signaling receptor ligand, resulting in the mature (active) form of the ligand.	39
Single fertilization	The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.	165
Single strand break repair	The repair of single strand breaks in DNA. Repair of such breaks is mediated by the same enzyme systems as are used in base excision repair.	11
Single stranded viral RNA replication via double stranded DNA intermediate	A viral genome replication where the template is single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), and which proceeds via a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) intermediate molecule. Viral genomic RNA is first reverse transcribed into dsDNA, which integrates into the host chromosomal DNA, where it is transcribed by host RNA polymerase II.	20
Sinoatrial node cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.	5
Sinoatrial node cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a sinoatrial (SA) node cell. SA node cells are pacemaker cells that are found in the sinoatrial node.	6
Sinoatrial node development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sinoatrial (SA) node over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The SA node is part of the cardiac conduction system that controls the timing of heart muscle contraction. It relays electrical signals to the AV node.	12
Sister chromatid cohesion	The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.	59
Sister chromatid segregation	The cell cycle process in which sister chromatids are organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets.	228
Skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering	The accumulation of acetylcholine-gated cation channels in a narrow, central region of muscle fibers, in apposition to nerve terminals.	10
Skeletal muscle adaptation	Any process in which skeletal muscles change their phenotypic profiles in response to altered functional demands and a variety of signals.	25
Skeletal muscle atrophy	A process, occurring in skeletal muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.	5
Skeletal muscle cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle cell, a somatic cell located in skeletal muscle.	72
Skeletal muscle cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of skeletal muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	25
Skeletal muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and in most cases it is under voluntary control.	46
Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a skeletal muscle fiber cell. Skeletal muscle fiber differentiation starts with myoblast fusion and the appearance of specific cell markers (this is the cell development step). Then individual skeletal muscle fibers fuse to form bigger myotubes and start to contract.	8
Skeletal muscle organ development	The progression of a skeletal muscle organ over time from its initial formation to its mature state. A skeletal muscle organ includes the skeletal muscle tissue and its associated connective tissue.	175
Skeletal muscle satellite cell activation	The change of a skeletal muscle satellite cell from a mitotically quiescent to a mitotically active state following exposure to some activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.	8
Skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a satellite cell.	9
Skeletal muscle satellite cell maintenance involved in skeletal muscle regeneration	Any process by which the number of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a skeletal muscle is maintained during muscle regeneration. There are at least three mechanisms by which this is achieved. Skeletal muscle satellite stem cell asymmetric division ensures satellite stem cell numbers are kept constant. Symmetric division of these cells amplifies the number of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells. Some adult skeletal muscle myoblasts (descendants of activated satellite cells) can develop back into quiescent satellite cells, replenishing the overall pool of satellite cells.	5
Skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of satellite cells, resulting in the expansion of the cell population. Satellite cells are quiescent cells that are located between the basal lamina and the plasmalemma of the muscle fiber, which are the main contributors to postnatal muscle growth. In adult muscle, satellite cells become activated to divide and differentiate in response to muscle damage.	17
Skeletal muscle thin filament assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins to form the actin-based thin filaments of myofibrils in skeletal muscle.	7
Skeletal muscle tissue growth	The increase in size or mass of a skeletal muscle. This may be due to a change in the fiber number or size.	10
Skeletal muscle tissue regeneration	The regrowth of skeletal muscle tissue to repair injured or damaged muscle fibers in the postnatal stage.	38
Skeletal myofibril assembly	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skeletal myofibril over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A skeletal myofibril is a myofibril specific to skeletal muscle cells.	10
Skeletal system morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the skeleton are generated and organized.	228
Skin epidermis development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the skin epidermis over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	127
Skin morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the skin are generated and organized. The skin is the external membranous integument of an animal. In vertebrates the skin generally consists of two layers, an outer nonsensitive and nonvascular epidermis (cuticle or skarfskin) composed of cells which are constantly growing and multiplying in the deeper, and being thrown off in the superficial layers, as well as an inner, sensitive and vascular dermis (cutis, corium or true skin) composed mostly of connective tissue.	13
Sleep	Any process in which an organism enters and maintains a periodic, readily reversible state of reduced awareness and metabolic activity. Usually accompanied by physical relaxation, the onset of sleep in humans and other mammals is marked by a change in the electrical activity of the brain.	22
Small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and a snoRNA to form a small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex.	11
Smooth muscle adaptation	Any process in which smooth muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.	4
Smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a smooth muscle cell. Smooth muscle consists of non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the digestive tract, uterus, and blood vessels.	30
Smooth muscle cell chemotaxis	The directed movement of a smooth muscle cell in response to an external stimulus.	8
Smooth muscle cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a smooth muscle cell; smooth muscle lacks transverse striations in its constituent fibers and are almost always involuntary.	72
Smooth muscle cell migration	The orderly movement of a smooth muscle cell from one site to another, often during the development of a multicellular organism.	85
Smooth muscle cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	162
Smooth muscle cell-matrix adhesion	The binding of a smooth muscle cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules.	6
Smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.	108
Smooth muscle tissue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of smooth muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	26
Smoothened signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.	147
Smoothened signaling pathway involved in dorsal/ventral neural tube patterning	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened contributing to the dorsal/ventral pattern of the neural tube.	13
Smoothened signaling pathway involved in ventral spinal cord patterning	The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened that results in the spatial identity of regions along the dorsal-ventral axis of the spinal cord.	8
Sodium ion export across plasma membrane	The directed movement of sodium ions from inside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the extracellular region.	15
Sodium ion homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions within an organism or cell.	46
Sodium ion import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of sodium ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	25
Sodium ion transmembrane transport	A process in which a sodium ion is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	178
Sodium ion transport	The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	245
Sodium-dependent phosphate transport	The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore, by a mechanism dependent upon sodium ions.	12
Sodium-independent organic anion transport	The directed, sodium-independent, movement of organic anions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	15
Soft palate development	The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of the soft palate from an initial condition to its mature state. This process begins with the formation of the structure and ends with the mature structure, whatever form that may be including its natural destruction. The soft palate is the posterior portion of the palate extending from the posterior edge of the hard palate.	5
Somatic diversification of immune receptors	The somatic process allowing for the production of immune receptors whose specificity is not encoded in the germline genomic sequences.	79
Somatic diversification of immune receptors via somatic mutation	The process in which immune receptor genes are diversified through somatic mutation.	13
Somatic diversification of immunoglobulins	The somatic process that results in the generation of sequence diversity of immunoglobulins.	67
Somatic motor neuron differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle targets and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	5
Somatic stem cell division	The self-renewing division of a somatic stem cell, a stem cell that can give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.	11
Somatic stem cell population maintenance	Any process by which an organism retains a population of somatic stem cells, undifferentiated cells in the embryo or adult which can undergo unlimited division and give rise to cell types of the body other than those of the germ-line.	69
Somatostatin receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by somatostatin binding to the somatostatin receptor (SSTR) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	5
Somatotropin secreting cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a somatotropin secreting cell. A somatotropin secreting cell is an acidophilic cell of the anterior pituitary that produces growth hormone, somatotropin.	5
Somite development	The progression of a somite from its initial formation to the mature structure. Somites are mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.	85
Somite rostral/caudal axis specification	The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the rostro-caudal axis of a somite, prior to the morphological formation of a somite boundary.	11
Somite specification	The process in which individual somites establish identity during embryogenesis.	5
Somitogenesis	The formation of mesodermal clusters that are arranged segmentally along the anterior posterior axis of an embryo.	66
Specification of animal organ identity	The regionalization process in which the identity of an animal organ primordium is specified. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.	36
Specification of symmetry	The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism such that a similar arrangement in form and relationship of parts around a common axis, or around each side of a plane is created.	136
Sperm DNA condensation	The progressive compaction of the spermatid chromatin so that it reaches a level of condensation that is not compatible with nuclear activities such as transcription or DNA replication.	17
Sperm axoneme assembly	The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.	28
Sperm capacitation	A process required for sperm to reach fertilization competence. Sperm undergo an incompletely understood series of morphological and molecular maturational processes, termed capacitation, involving, among other processes, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and increased intracellular calcium.	31
Sperm ejaculation	The expulsion of seminal fluid, thick white fluid containing spermatozoa, from the male genital tract.	5
Sperm flagellum assembly	The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellum, the microtubule-based axoneme and associated structures that are part of a sperm flagellum (or cilium).	41
Sperm mitochondrial sheath assembly	The assembly and organization of the sperm mitochondrial sheath, the tightly packed helical sheath of ATP-producing mitochondria restricted to the midpiece of the sperm flagellum.	6
Sperm motility	Any process involved in the controlled movement of a sperm cell.	130
Sperm-egg recognition	The initial contact step made between the sperm plasma membrane and outer layer of the egg during fertilization.	50
Spermatid differentiation	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell.	211
Spermatid nucleus differentiation	The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.	27
Spermidine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.	9
Spermidine transport	The directed movement of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane, a polyamine formed by the transfer of a propylamine group from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine to putrescine, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
Spermine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.	5
Sphingoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingoids, any of a class of compounds comprising sphinganine and its homologues and stereoisomers, and derivatives of these compounds.	21
Sphingolipid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).	109
Sphingolipid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).	32
Sphingolipid mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals mediated by a sphingolipid.	18
Sphingolipid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).	162
Sphingolipid translocation	The movement of a sphingolipid molecule from one leaflet of a membrane bilayer to the opposite leaflet.	5
Sphingomyelin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.	11
Sphingomyelin catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.	8
Sphingomyelin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.	20
Sphingosine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.	13
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by sphingosine-1-phosphate binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	15
Spinal cord association neuron differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of association neurons. Association neurons are cells located in the dorsal portion of the spinal cord that integrate sensory input. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	12
Spinal cord development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spinal cord primarily conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses between the brain and the peripheral nervous tissues.	102
Spinal cord motor neuron cell fate specification	The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a motor neuron in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway.	10
Spinal cord motor neuron differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the ventral neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of motor neurons. Motor neurons innervate an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue and are responsible for transmission of motor impulses from the brain to the periphery. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	29
Spinal cord oligodendrocyte cell differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes are non-neuronal cells. The primary function of oligodendrocytes is the myelination of nerve axons in the central nervous system. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	5
Spinal cord patterning	The regionalization process that regulates the coordinated growth and establishes the non-random spatial arrangement of the spinal cord.	21
Spindle assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that serves to move duplicated chromosomes apart.	149
Spindle assembly involved in female meiosis	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.	9
Spindle elongation	The cell cycle process in which the distance is lengthened between poles of the spindle.	14
Spindle localization	Any process in which is the spindle is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.	62
Spindle midzone assembly	The cell cycle process in which aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle midzone. The spindle midzone is the area in the center of the spindle where the spindle microtubules from opposite poles overlap.	14
Spindle organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.	218
Spleen development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the spleen over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The spleen is a large vascular lymphatic organ composed of white and red pulp, involved both in hemopoietic and immune system functions.	38
Spliceosomal complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a spliceosomal complex, a ribonucleoprotein apparatus that catalyzes nuclear mRNA splicing via transesterification reactions.	91
Spliceosomal conformational changes to generate catalytic conformation	Structural rearrangements of the spliceosome complex, containing RNA to be spliced, to generate a catalytic conformation.	5
Spliceosomal snRNP assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of one or more snRNA and multiple protein components to form a ribonucleoprotein complex that is involved in formation of the spliceosome.	52
Spliceosomal tri-snRNP complex assembly	The formation of a tri-snRNP complex containing U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs and U5 snRNAs and associated proteins. This includes reannealing of U4 and U6 (or U4atac and U6atac) snRNAs released from previous rounds of splicing to reform the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) as well as the subsequent association of the U5 snRNP with the U4/U6 snRNP (or U4atac/U6atac snRNP) to form a tri-snRNP that is ready to reassemble into another spliceosome complex.	26
Spontaneous neurotransmitter secretion	Neurotransmitter secretion that occurs in the absence of the action of a secretagogue or a presynaptic action potential.	8
Spontaneous synaptic transmission	The low level of synaptic transmission that occurs via spontaneous neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft in the absence of a presynaptic action potential.	14
Sprouting angiogenesis	The extension of new blood vessels from existing vessels into avascular tissues, this process includes the specialization of endothelial cells into leading tip and stalk cells, proliferation and migration of the endothelial cells and cell adhesion resulting in angiogenic sprout fusion or lumen formation.	176
Stabilization of membrane potential	The accomplishment of a non-fluctuating membrane potential, the electric potential existing across any membrane arising from charges in the membrane itself and from the charges present in the media on either side of the membrane.	17
Startle response	An action or movement due to the application of a sudden unexpected stimulus.	27
Stem cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stem cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cell development does not include the steps involved in committing a cell to its specific fate.	89
Stem cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a stem cell. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.	245
Stem cell division	The self-renewing division of a stem cell. A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell, in the embryo or adult, that can undergo unlimited division and give rise to one or several different cell types.	31
Stem cell fate commitment	The process in which the developmental fate of a cell becomes restricted such that it will develop into a stem cell.	10
Stem cell fate specification	The process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a stem cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway. Upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.	6
Stem cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of stem cells, resulting in the expansion of a stem cell population. A stem cell is a cell that retains the ability to divide and proliferate throughout life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.	123
Steroid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.	185
Steroid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.	25
Steroid hormone biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any steroid hormone, naturally occurring substances secreted by specialized cells that affects the metabolism or behavior of other cells possessing functional receptors for the hormone.	44
Steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals mediated by a steroid hormone binding to a receptor.	136
Steroid hormone secretion	The regulated release of any steroid that acts as a hormone into the circulatory system.	27
Sterol biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.	68
Sterol homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sterol within an organism or cell.	97
Sterol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving sterols, steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.	154
Sterol transport	The directed movement of sterols into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Sterols are steroids with one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.	137
Stomach development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomach over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The stomach is an expanded region of the vertebrate alimentary tract that serves as a food storage compartment and digestive organ.	5
Store-operated calcium entry	A calcium ion entry mechanism in the plasma membrane activated by the depletion of calcium ion from the internal calcium ion store in the endoplasmic reticulum.	21
Stress fiber assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a stress fiber. A stress fiber is a contractile actin filament bundle that consists of short actin filaments with alternating polarity.	111
Stress granule assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins and RNA molecules to form a stress granule.	31
Stress granule disassembly	The disaggregation of a stress granule into its constituent protein and RNA parts.	5
Stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade	The series of molecular signals in which a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) cascade relays a signal.	238
Stress-induced premature senescence	A cellular senescence process associated with the dismantling of a cell as a response to environmental factors such as hydrogen peroxide or X-rays.	7
Striated muscle adaptation	Any process in which striated muscle adapts, with consequent modifications to structural and/or functional phenotypes, in response to a stimulus. Stimuli include contractile activity, loading conditions, substrate supply, and environmental factors. These adaptive events occur in both muscle fibers and associated structures (motoneurons and capillaries), and they involve alterations in regulatory mechanisms, contractile properties and metabolic capacities.	52
Striated muscle atrophy	A process, occurring in striated muscle, that is characterized by a decrease in protein content, fiber diameter, force production and fatigue resistance in response to different conditions such as starvation, aging and disuse.	7
Striated muscle cell apoptotic process	A form of programmed cell death induced by external or internal signals that trigger the activity of proteolytic caspases, whose actions dismantle a striated muscle cell and result in its death. Striated muscle cells make up striated muscle fibers which are divided by transverse bands into striations.	50
Striated muscle cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle cells contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.	73
Striated muscle cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of striated muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. Striated muscles contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle.	82
Striated muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.	184
Striated muscle tissue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a striated muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Striated muscle contain fibers that are divided by transverse bands into striations, and cardiac and skeletal muscle are types of striated muscle. Skeletal muscle myoblasts fuse to form myotubes and eventually multinucleated muscle fibers. The fusion of cardiac cells is very rare and can only form binucleate cells.	260
Striatum development	The progression of the striatum over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The striatum is a region of the forebrain consisting of the caudate nucleus, putamen and fundus striati.	22
Subpallium development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the subpallium over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The subpallium is the base region of the telencephalon.	28
Substantia nigra development	The progression of the substantia nigra over time from its initial formation until its mature state. The substantia nigra is the layer of gray substance that separates the posterior parts of the cerebral peduncles (tegmentum mesencephali) from the anterior parts; it normally includes a posterior compact part with many pigmented cells (pars compacta) and an anterior reticular part whose cells contain little pigment (pars reticularis).	43
Substrate adhesion-dependent cell spreading	The morphogenetic process that results in flattening of a cell as a consequence of its adhesion to a substrate.	100
Substrate-dependent cell migration	The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.	26
Substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension	The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.	9
Substrate-independent telencephalic tangential migration	The process where neuronal precursors migrate tangentially in the telencephalon, primarily guided by interactions that do not require cell-cell contact.	11
Subtelomeric heterochromatin formation	The compaction of chromatin into heterochromatin at the subtelomeric region.	9
Succinate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.	5
Succinate transmembrane transport	The process in which succinate is transported across a membrane.	6
Succinyl-CoA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of succinyl-CoA.	6
Succinyl-CoA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.	10
Suckling behavior	Specific behavior of a newborn or infant mammal that results in the derivation of nourishment from the breast.	12
Sugar mediated signaling pathway	The process in which a change in the level of a mono- or disaccharide such as glucose, fructose or sucrose triggers the expression of genes controlling metabolic and developmental processes.	9
Sulfate transport	The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	16
Sulfation	The addition of a sulfate group to a molecule.	22
Sulfur amino acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.	16
Sulfur amino acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.	10
Sulfur amino acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids containing sulfur, comprising cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and selenocysteine.	33
Sulfur amino acid transport	The directed movement of amino acids containing sulfur (cystine, methionine and their derivatives) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	12
Sulfur compound biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.	159
Sulfur compound catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.	37
Sulfur compound transport	The directed movement of compounds that contain sulfur, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	53
Superoxide anion generation	The enzymatic generation of superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species, by a cell in response to environmental stress, thereby mediating the activation of various stress-inducible signaling pathways.	41
Superoxide metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.	71
Suppression of viral release by host	A process in which a host organism stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the release of a virus with which it is infected, from its cells.	16
Surfactant homeostasis	Any process involved in the maintenance of a steady-state level of a surface-active agent that maintains the surface tension of a liquid.	17
Symbiont entry into host	Entry of a symbiont into the body, tissues, or cells of a host organism as part of the symbiont life cycle. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	163
Sympathetic ganglion development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a sympathetic ganglion over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	9
Sympathetic nervous system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the sympathetic nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the vertebrate autonomic nervous system (the other being the parasympathetic nervous system). The sympathetic preganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord and connect to the paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia. Innervate heart and blood vessels, sweat glands, viscera and the adrenal medulla. Most sympathetic neurons, but not all, use noradrenaline as a post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.	22
Sympathetic neuron projection extension	Long distance growth of a single sympathetic neuron projection involved in cellular development. A neuron projection is a prolongation or process extending from a nerve cell, e.g. an axon or dendrite.	5
Synapse assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse. This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).	199
Synapse maturation	The process that organizes a synapse so that it attains its fully functional state. Synaptic maturation plays a critical role in the establishment of effective synaptic connections in early development.	34
Synapse pruning	A cellular process that results in the controlled breakdown of synapse. After it starts the process is continuous until the synapse has disappeared.	14
Synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junction	The assembly of a synapse at a neuromuscular junction.	10
Synaptic membrane adhesion	The attachment of presynaptic membrane to postsynaptic membrane via adhesion molecules that are at least partially embedded in the plasma membrane.	27
Synaptic signaling via neuropeptide	Cell-cell signaling to or from a synapse, mediated by a peptide.	6
Synaptic transmission, GABAergic	The vesicular release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of GABA receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.	58
Synaptic transmission, cholinergic	The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.	31
Synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	The vesicular release of dopamine. from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.	28
Synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	The vesicular release of glutamate from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glutamate receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.	110
Synaptic transmission, glycinergic	The vesicular release of glycine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of glycine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.	5
Synaptic vesicle budding	Evagination of a membrane to form a synaptic vesicle.	10
Synaptic vesicle clustering	The process that results in grouping synaptic vesicles in presynaptic structures.	16
Synaptic vesicle coating	The formation of clathrin coated pits in the presynaptic membrane endocytic zone, triggered by the presence of high concentrations of synaptic vesicle components. This process leads to, but does not include budding of the membrane to form new vesicles.	5
Synaptic vesicle cytoskeletal transport	The directed movement of synaptic vesicles along cytoskeletal fibers such as microfilaments or microtubules within a cell, powered by molecular motors.	18
Synaptic vesicle docking	The initial (indirect) attachment of a synaptic vesicle membrane to the presynaptic active zone membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane and proteins of the presynaptic active zone cytoplasmic component. Synaptic vesicle tethering is the first step in this process.	10
Synaptic vesicle endosomal processing	The process in which synaptic vesicles fuse to the presynaptic endosome followed by sorting of synaptic vesicle components and budding of new synaptic vesicles.	9
Synaptic vesicle exocytosis	Fusion of intracellular membrane-bounded vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane of the neuronal cell resulting in release of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.	97
Synaptic vesicle localization	Any process in which a synaptic vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.	54
Synaptic vesicle lumen acidification	The acidification of the synaptic vesicle lumen via transport of protons into the vesicle. The resulting electrochemical gradient powers neurotransmitter loading.	16
Synaptic vesicle maturation	Steps required to form an initiated synaptic vesicle into a fully formed and transmissible synaptic vesicle.	27
Synaptic vesicle membrane organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the membrane surrounding a synaptic vesicle.	28
Synaptic vesicle priming	A process that converts synaptic vesicles to a state of competence for calcium triggered fusion with the active zone membrane by bringing the two membranes into very close proximity. Priming typically (but not always) occurs after docking (Jahn and Fasshauer, 2012). Primed vesicles are also capable of spontaneously fusing with the active zone membrane.	18
Synaptic vesicle recycling	The trafficking of synaptic vesicles from the pre-synaptic membrane so the vesicle can dock and prime for another round of exocytosis and neurotransmitter release. Recycling occurs after synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and is necessary to replenish presynaptic vesicle pools, sustain transmitter release and preserve the structural integrity of the presynaptic membrane. Recycling can occur following transient fusion with the presynaptic membrane (kiss and run), or via endocytosis of presynaptic membrane.	81
Synaptic vesicle recycling via endosome	Synaptic vesicle recycling where vesicles endocytosed via clathrin-coated pits re-acidify and refill with neurotransmitters after passing through an endosomal intermediate.	5
Synaptic vesicle transport	The directed movement of synaptic vesicles.	40
Synaptic vesicle uncoating	The removal of the protein coat on a synaptic vesicle following the pinching step at the end of budding from the presynaptic membrane.	6
Synaptonemal complex organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a synaptonemal complex. A synaptonemal complex is a proteinaceous scaffold formed between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.	26
Syncytium formation	The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.	67
Synoviocyte proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of type B synoviocytes by cell division, resulting in the expansion of their population. A type B synoviocyte is a fibroblast-like cell found in synovial tissues.	5
T cell activation involved in immune response	The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to a mitogen, cytokine, chemokine, cellular ligand, or an antigen for which it is specific, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	123
T cell activation via T cell receptor contact with antigen bound to MHC molecule on antigen presenting cell	The change in morphology and behavior of a mature or immature T cell resulting from exposure to an antigen for which its T cell receptor is specific bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell, leading to the initiation or perpetuation of an immune response.	10
T cell antigen processing and presentation	The process in which a T cell expresses antigen (peptide or lipid) on its cell surface in association with an MHC protein complex.	6
T cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a T cell, a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.	58
T cell chemotaxis	The directed movement of a T cell in response to an external stimulus. A T cell is a type of lymphocyte whose defining characteristic is the expression of a T cell receptor complex.	27
T cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T cell.	38
T cell differentiation in thymus	The process in which a precursor cell type acquires the specialized features of a T cell via a differentiation pathway dependent upon transit through the thymus.	86
T cell differentiation involved in immune response	The process in which an antigenically naive T cell acquires the specialized features of an effector, regulatory, or memory T cell as part of an immune response. Effector T cells include cells which provide T cell help or exhibit cytotoxicity towards other cells.	84
T cell extravasation	The migration of a T cell from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.	13
T cell homeostasis	The process of regulating the proliferation and elimination of T cells such that the total number of T cells within a whole or part of an organism is stable over time in the absence of an outside stimulus.	46
T cell lineage commitment	The process in which a lymphoid progenitor cell becomes committed to becoming any type of T cell.	32
T cell mediated cytotoxicity	The directed killing of a target cell by a T cell through the release of granules containing cytotoxic mediators or through the engagement of death receptors.	60
T cell mediated immune response to tumor cell	An immune response mediated by a T cell triggered in response to the presence of a tumor cell.	10
T cell mediated immunity	Any process involved in the carrying out of an immune response by a T cell.	129
T cell migration	The movement of a T cell within or between different tissues and organs of the body.	72
T cell proliferation	The expansion of a T cell population by cell division. Follows T cell activation.	213
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	The expansion of a T cell population by cell division as part of an immune response.	5
T cell receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by the cross-linking of an antigen receptor on a T cell.	143
T cell selection	The process in which T cells that express T cell receptors that are restricted by self MHC protein complexes and tolerant to self antigens are selected for further maturation.	53
T cell tolerance induction	A process involving any mechanism for tolerance induction in T cells.	15
T follicular helper cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a mature T follicular helper cell.	7
T-helper 1 cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 1 cell.	8
T-helper 1 cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 1 (Th1) cell. A Th1 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype T-bet-positive and produces interferon-gamma.	23
T-helper 1 type immune response	An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and pathological conditions such as arthritis, and which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 1 cells, most notably interferon-gamma, IL-2, and lymphotoxin.	48
T-helper 17 cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires the specialized features of a T-helper 17 (Th17) cell. A Th17 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.	33
T-helper 17 cell lineage commitment	The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper 17 cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell with the phenotype RORgamma-t-positive that produces IL-17.	16
T-helper 17 type immune response	An immune response which is associated with resistance to intracellular bacteria with a key role in inflammation and tissue injury. This immune response is associated with pathological autoimmune conditions such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and psoriasis which is typically orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines by T-helper 17 cells, most notably interleukin-17, IL-21 and IL-22.	46
T-helper 2 cell cytokine production	Any process that contributes to cytokine production by a T-helper 2 cell.	13
T-helper 2 cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized T cell acquires specialized features of a T-helper 2 (Th2) cell. A Th2 cell is a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell that has the phenotype GATA-3-positive and produces interleukin-4.	19
T-helper cell lineage commitment	The process in which a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell becomes committed to becoming a T-helper cell, a CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell specialized to promote various immunological processes.	20
T-tubule organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level that results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the T-tubule. A T-tubule is an invagination of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that extends inward from the cell surface around each myofibril.	6
TOR signaling	The series of molecular signals mediated by TOR (Target of rapamycin) proteins, members of the phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase related kinase (PIKK) family that act as serine/threonine kinases in response to nutrient availability or growth factors.	162
TORC1 signaling	A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC1; TOR (target of rapamycin) in complex with at least Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.	96
TORC2 signaling	A series of intracellular molecular signals mediated by TORC2; TOR (rapamycin-insensitive companion of TOR) in complex with at least Rictor (regulatory-associated protein of TOR), or orthologs of, and other signaling components.	15
TRAIL-activated apoptotic signaling pathway	An extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway initiated by the binding of the ligand TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) to a death receptor on the cell surface.	13
TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor where the TRIF adaptor mediates transduction of the signal. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.	11
Tachykinin receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).	8
Tail-anchored membrane protein insertion into ER membrane	A process of protein insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in which a tail-anchored (TA) transmembrane protein is incorporated into an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. TA transmembrane protein, also named type II transmembrane proteins, contain a single C- terminal transmembrane region.	17
Tangential migration from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb	The migration of cells in the telencephalon from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb in which cells move orthogonally to the direction of radial migration and do not use radial glial cell processes as substrates for migration.	8
Taurine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid), a sulphur-containing amino acid derivative important in the metabolism of fats.	9
Taurine transmembrane transport	The directed movement of taurine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	8
Telencephalon development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the telencephalon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The telencephalon is the paired anteriolateral division of the prosencephalon plus the lamina terminalis from which the olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex, and subcortical nuclei are derived.	275
Telencephalon glial cell migration	The orderly movement of glial cells through the telencephalon.	27
Telencephalon regionalization	The regionalization process that creates areas within the forebrain that will direct the behavior of cell migration in differentiation as the telencephalon develops.	13
Telomerase RNA localization	Any process in which telomerase RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	19
Telomerase holoenzyme complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a telomerase holoenzyme complex.	6
Telomere capping	A process in which telomeres are protected from degradation and fusion, thereby ensuring chromosome stability by protecting the ends from both degradation and from being recognized as damaged DNA. May be mediated by specific single- or double-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins.	39
Telomere localization	Any process in which a telomere is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.	12
Telomere maintenance	Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences.	156
Telomere maintenance in response to DNA damage	Any process that occur in response to the presence of critically short or damaged telomeres.	30
Telomere maintenance via recombination	Any recombinational process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length.	14
Telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication	The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication.	9
Telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening	Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins and lengthening the telomeric DNA.	81
Telomere organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of telomeres, terminal regions of a linear chromosome that include the telomeric DNA repeats and associated proteins.	186
Telomere tethering at nuclear periphery	The process in which a telomere is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery.	6
Telomeric D-loop disassembly	A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus.	9
Telomeric loop disassembly	The telomere maintenance process in which telomeric loops are disassembled to permit efficient telomere replication.	11
Temperature homeostasis	A homeostatic process in which an organism modulates its internal body temperature.	182
Tendon development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a tendon over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A tendon is a fibrous, strong, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or integument and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons and muscles work together to exert a pulling force.	6
Terminal button organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a terminal button. A terminal button is the terminal inflated portion of the axon, containing the specialized apparatus necessary to release neurotransmitters.	6
Termination of RNA polymerase II transcription	A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.	10
Terpenoid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.	16
Terpenoid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure.	8
Terpenoid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.	98
Tertiary alcohol metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tertiary alcohol.	22
Testosterone biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of testosterone, an androgen having 17beta-hydroxy and 3-oxo groups, together with unsaturation at C-4 C-5.	11
Tetrahydrobiopterin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.	9
Tetrahydrofolate biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.	6
Tetrahydrofolate interconversion	The chemical reactions and pathways by which one-carbon (C1) units are transferred between tetrahydrofolate molecules, to synthesise other tetrahydrofolate molecules.	9
Tetrahydrofolate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrahydrofolate, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid, a folate derivative bearing additional hydrogens on the pterin group.	16
Tetrapyrrole biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the formation of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.	35
Tetrapyrrole catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways leading to the breakdown of tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.	13
Tetrapyrrole metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tetrapyrroles, natural pigments containing four pyrrole rings joined by one-carbon units linking position 2 of one pyrrole ring to position 5 of the next.	62
Thalamus development	The process in which the thalamus changes over time, from its initial formation to its mature state.	13
Thermoception	The series of events required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Thermoception in larger animals is mainly done in the skin; mammals have at least two types of sensor, for detecting heat (temperatures above body temperature) and cold (temperatures below body temperature).	8
Thiamine diphosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine diphosphate, a derivative of thiamine (vitamin B1) which acts as a coenzyme in a range of processes including the Krebs cycle.	5
Thiamine transport	The directed movement of thiamine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Thiamine is vitamin B1, a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.	8
Thiamine-containing compound metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), and compounds derived from it.	7
Thioester biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.	47
Thioester metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a thioester, a compound of general formula RC(=O)SR' in which the linking oxygen in an ester is replaced by a sulfur atom. They are the product of esterification between a carboxylic acid and a thiol.	95
Thorax and anterior abdomen determination	Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.	5
Threonine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.	5
Thrombin-activated receptor signaling pathway	A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by thrombin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.	13
Thrombopoietin-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by thrombopoietin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	5
Thymic T cell selection	The process of T cell selection that occurs in the thymus.	23
Thymocyte apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a thymocyte, an immature T cell located in the thymus.	20
Thymocyte migration	The movement of a thymocyte through distinct intrathymic niches (e.g. medulla, cortex), where it receives a unique set of developmental cues required for T-cell development.	7
Thymus development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thymus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thymus is a symmetric bi-lobed organ involved primarily in the differentiation of immature to mature T cells, with unique vascular, nervous, epithelial, and lymphoid cell components.	49
Thyroid gland development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the thyroid gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The thyroid gland is an endoderm-derived gland that produces thyroid hormone.	31
Thyroid hormone generation	The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.	23
Thyroid hormone mediated signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by a thyroid hormone binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	8
Thyroid hormone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, largely thyroxine and triiodothyronine.	29
Thyroid hormone transport	The directed movement of thyroid hormone into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	12
Thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized structural and/or functional features of a thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell. A thyroid-stimulating hormone-secreting cell is a basophil cell of the anterior pituitary that produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyrotrophin.	6
Tight junction organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a tight junction. A tight junction seals cells together in an epithelium in a way that prevents even small molecules from leaking from one side of the sheet to the other.	81
Tissue homeostasis	A homeostatic process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state within a defined tissue of an organism, including control of cellular proliferation and death and control of metabolic function.	279
Tissue regeneration	The regrowth of lost or destroyed tissues.	74
Tissue remodeling	The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling.	177
Tolerance induction	A process that directly activates any of the steps required for tolerance, a physiologic state in which the immune system does not react destructively against the components of an organism that harbors it or against antigens that are introduced to it.	30
Tolerance induction dependent upon immune response	Tolerance induction dependent upon an immune response, typically a response by a mature T or B cell in the periphery resulting tolerance towards an antigen via induction of anergy, cellular deletion, or regulatory T cell activation.	6
Tolerance induction to self antigen	Tolerance induction directed at self antigens.	5
Toll signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	11
Toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 2.	18
Toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 3.	26
Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to toll-like receptor 4.	55
Toll-like receptor 7 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 7.	11
Toll-like receptor 8 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 8.	4
Toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to the endolysosomal toll-like receptor 9.	19
Toll-like receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a toll-like receptor of a target cell. Toll-like receptors directly bind pattern motifs from a variety of microbial sources to initiate an innate immune response.	70
Tongue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tongue over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in many other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.	20
Tongue morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the tongue are generated and organized. The tongue is the movable, muscular organ on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates, in man other mammals is the principal organ of taste, aids in the prehension of food, in swallowing, and in modifying the voice as in speech.	10
Tonic smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within tonic smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the tonic smooth muscle, the muscle contraction occurs without an ordered sarcomeric structure. Tonic smooth muscle contraction occurs as a sustained continuous contraction.	11
Tooth eruption	The tooth development process in which the teeth enter the mouth and become visible.	5
Tooth mineralization	The process in which calcium salts are deposited into calcareous tooth structures such as dental enamel, dentin and cementum.	31
Toxin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism.	14
Trabecula formation	The process of creating a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.	26
Trabecula morphogenesis	The process of shaping a trabecula in an organ. A trabecula is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod, which generally has a mechanical function. Trabecula are usually but not necessarily, composed of dense collagenous tissue.	47
Trachea cartilage development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the tracheal cartilage over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Cartilage is a connective tissue dominated by extracellular matrix containing collagen type II and large amounts of proteoglycan, particularly chondroitin sulfate.	7
Trachea development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a trachea over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.	19
Trachea formation	The process pertaining to the initial formation of a trachea from unspecified parts. The process begins with the specific processes that contribute to the appearance of the discrete structure and ends when the trachea is recognizable. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.	7
Trachea morphogenesis	The process in which a trachea is generated and organized. The trachea is the portion of the airway that attaches to the bronchi as it branches.	11
Trans-synaptic signaling by lipid	Cell-cell signaling from post to pre-synapse, across the synaptic cleft, mediated by a lipid.	7
Trans-synaptic signaling by trans-synaptic complex	Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse mediated by a trans-synaptic protein complex.	7
Trans-synaptic signaling, modulating synaptic transmission	Cell-cell signaling between presynapse and postsynapse, across the synaptic cleft, that modulates the synaptic transmission properties of the synapse.	10
Transcription by RNA polymerase I	The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.	72
Transcription by RNA polymerase III	The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.	61
Transcription elongation-coupled chromatin remodeling	A chromatin remodeling process that reestablishes the chromatin structure following the passage of RNA polymerase II during transcription elongation, thus preventing cryptic transcription initiation.	7
Transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter	A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I.	14
Transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter	A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.	102
Transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter	A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase III gene promoter. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) genes, as well as some other non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase III.	8
Transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression that involves chromatin remodeling to capacitate gene expression by either modifying the chromatin fiber, the nucleosomal histones, or the DNA.	38
Transcription preinitiation complex assembly	The formation of a large multiprotein-DNA complex that self-assembles on gene promoter through the sequential recruitment of the general initiation factors that compose the preinitiation complex (PIC). The PIC engages the RNA polymerase on its DNA template strand and sparks polymerization of the first few RNA nucleotides.	72
Transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair	The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.	10
Transcription-dependent tethering of RNA polymerase II gene DNA at nuclear periphery	The chromosome organization process in which the DNA sequence containing a gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II is maintained in a specific location at the nuclear periphery. In S. cerevisiae, this process involves cis-acting DNA sequences such as the TATA box and upstream activating sequence (UAS) elements, trans-acting transcriptional activators, and also the 3'-UTR of the transcript.	7
Transcytosis	The directed movement of endocytosed material through the cell and its exocytosis from the plasma membrane at the opposite side.	20
Transdifferentiation	The conversion of a differentiated cell of one fate into a differentiated cell of another fate without first undergoing cell division or reversion to a more primitive or stem cell-like fate.	7
Transepithelial chloride transport	The directed movement of chloride ions from one side of an epithelium to the other.	9
Transepithelial transport	The directed movement of a substance from one side of an epithelium to the other.	35
Transferrin transport	The directed movement of transferrin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
Transforming growth factor beta production	The appearance of any member of the transforming growth factor-beta family of cytokines due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Transforming growth factor-beta family members include TGF-B1, TGF-B2, and TGF-B3.	45
Transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	225
Transforming growth factor beta1 production	The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta1 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	17
Transforming growth factor beta2 production	The appearance of transforming growth factor-beta2 due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	9
Transition between fast and slow fiber	The process of conversion of fast-contracting muscle fibers to a slower character. This may involve slowing of contractile rate, slow myosin gene induction, increase in oxidative metabolic properties, altered electrophysiology and altered innervation. This process also regulates skeletal muscle adapatation.	9
Transition metal ion transport	The directed movement of transition metal ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A transition metal is an element whose atom has an incomplete d-subshell of extranuclear electrons, or which gives rise to a cation or cations with an incomplete d-subshell. Transition metals often have more than one valency state. Biologically relevant transition metals include vanadium, manganese, iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and silver.	100
Translational elongation	The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.	67
Translational initiation	The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.	122
Translational readthrough	The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.	10
Translational termination	The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).	16
Translesion synthesis	The replication of damaged DNA by synthesis across a lesion in the template strand; a specialized DNA polymerase or replication complex inserts a defined nucleotide across from the lesion which allows DNA synthesis to continue beyond the lesion. This process can be mutagenic depending on the damaged nucleotide and the inserted nucleotide.	25
Translocation of molecules into host	The directed movement of a molecule(s) produced by an organism to a location inside its host organism. The host is defined as the larger of the organisms involved in a symbiotic interaction.	8
Transmission of nerve impulse	The neurological system process in which a signal is transmitted through the nervous system by a combination of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission.	68
Transport along microtubule	The movement of organelles or other particles from one location in the cell to another along microtubules, driven by motor activity.	172
Transport of virus	The directed movement of a virus, or part of a virus, into, out of, or within a host cell.	23
Transposition	Any process involved in mediating the movement of discrete segments of DNA between nonhomologous sites. For elements that are transcribed as the first step of transposition, the process starts with the transcription of the transposable element, its translation and maturation, and ending with integration into DNA. For elements that are cut out, the process starts with the excision of the donor DNA and integrated into another site.	38
Tricarboxylic acid cycle	A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.	33
Tricarboxylic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving dicarboxylic acids, any organic acid containing three carboxyl (COOH) groups or anions (COO-).	15
Tricuspid valve development	The progression of the tricuspid valve over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	6
Tricuspid valve morphogenesis	The process in which the structure of the tricuspid valve is generated and organized.	5
Trigeminal nerve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the trigeminal nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The trigeminal nerve is composed of three large branches. They are the ophthalmic (V1, sensory), maxillary (V2, sensory) and mandibular (V3, motor and sensory) branches. The sensory ophthalmic branch travels through the superior orbital fissure and passes through the orbit to reach the skin of the forehead and top of the head. The maxillary nerve contains sensory branches that reach the pterygopalatine fossa via the inferior orbital fissure (face, cheek and upper teeth) and pterygopalatine canal (soft and hard palate, nasal cavity and pharynx). The motor part of the mandibular branch is distributed to the muscles of mastication, the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric. The mandibular nerve also innervates the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. The sensory part of the mandibular nerve is composed of branches that carry general sensory information from the mucous membranes of the mouth and cheek, anterior two-thirds of the tongue, lower teeth, skin of the lower jaw, side of the head and scalp and meninges of the anterior and middle cranial fossae.	11
Triglyceride biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	42
Triglyceride catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a triglyceride, any triester of glycerol.	28
Triglyceride metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.	103
Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle clearance	The process in which a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	7
Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle remodeling	The acquisition, loss or modification of a protein or lipid within a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle, including the hydrolysis of triglyceride by lipoprotein lipase, with the subsequent loss of free fatty acid, and the transfer of cholesterol esters to a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle by cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), with the simultaneous transfer of triglyceride from a triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particle.	12
Tripartite regional subdivision	Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.	20
Trophectodermal cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a trophectoderm cell.	19
Trophoblast cell migration	Trophoblast cell migration that is accomplished by extension and retraction of a pseudopodium. Trophoblast cells line the outside of the blastocyst.	18
Trophoblast giant cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a trophoblast giant cell of the placenta. Trophoblast giant cells are the cell of the placenta that line the maternal decidua.	12
Trunk segmentation	Partitioning of the blastoderm embryo into trunk segmental units. In Drosophila, the trunk segments include thoracic segments and abdominal segments A1 to A8.	5
Tryptophan catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.	9
Tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan into other compounds, including kynurenine.	5
Tryptophan metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.	11
Tryptophan transport	The directed movement of tryptophan, 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
Tube formation	Creation of the central hole of a tube in an anatomical structure through which gases and/or liquids flow.	151
Tube lumen cavitation	The formation of a lumen by hollowing out a solid rod or cord.	5
Tubulin complex assembly	The aggregation and bonding together of alpha- and beta-tubulin to form a tubulin heterodimer.	9
Tubulin deacetylation	The removal of an acetyl group from tubulin. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic acid.	23
Tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production	The appearance of any member of the TNF superfamily due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	188
Tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by tumor necrosis factor binding to its receptor on the surface of a cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	108
Type 2 immune response	An immune response which is associated with resistance to extracellular organisms such as helminths and pathological conditions such as allergy, which is orchestrated by the production of particular cytokines, most notably IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-13, by any of a variety of cell types including T-helper 2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and nuocytes, resulting in enhanced production of certain antibody isotypes and other effects.	42
Type B pancreatic cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a type B pancreatic cell, a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.	10
Type B pancreatic cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a type B pancreatic cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.	23
Type B pancreatic cell differentiation	The process in which relatively unspecialized cells acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of a type B pancreatic cell. A type B pancreatic cell is a cell located towards center of the islets of Langerhans that secretes insulin.	29
Type B pancreatic cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of pancreatic B cells, resulting in the expansion of an pancreatic B cell population. Pancreatic B cell are cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin.	29
Type I interferon production	The appearance of type I interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Type I interferons include the interferon-alpha, beta, delta, episilon, zeta, kappa, tau, and omega gene families.	121
Type I pneumocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type I pneumocyte. A type I pneumocyte is a flattened cell with greatly attenuated cytoplasm and a paucity of organelles.	8
Type II hypersensitivity	An inflammatory response resulting in cell death or dysfunction mediated by activation of the classical complement pathway or induction of effector cell phagocytosis, cytolysis mechanisms via complement or Fc receptors following the binding of antibodies to cell surface antigens on a target cell, or mediated by the direct binding of antibody to cellular receptors.	6
Type II interferon production	The appearance of interferon-gamma due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon-gamma is also known as type II interferon.	118
Type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by interferon-gamma binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. Interferon gamma is the only member of the type II interferon found so far.	26
Type II pneumocyte differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a type II pneumocyte. A type II pneumocyte is a surfactant secreting cell that contains abundant cytoplasm containing numerous lipid-rich multilamellar bodies.	6
Type III interferon production	The appearance of type III interferon due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels. Interferon lambda is the only member of the type III interferon found so far.	3
Tyrosine catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.	6
Tyrosine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.	17
Tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.	80
U2-type prespliceosome assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form an U2-type prespliceosome.	24
U4 snRNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of a U4 snRNA molecule.	8
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.	9
UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.	14
UDP-glucose metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.	6
UMP catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UMP, uridine monophosphate.	5
UTP biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.	10
UTP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving UTP, uridine (5'-)triphosphate.	12
UV protection	Any process in which an organism or cell protects itself from ultraviolet radiation (UV), which may also result in resistance to repeated exposure to UV.	12
UV-damage excision repair	A DNA repair process that is initiated by an endonuclease that introduces a single-strand incision immediately 5' of a UV-induced damage site. UV-damage excision repair acts on both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) and pyrimidine-pyrimidone 6-4 photoproducts (6-4PPs).	13
Ubiquinone metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.	19
Ubiquitin recycling	Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of ubiquitin monomers and free ubiquitin chains at the level of the cell by recycling ubiquitin from proteasome-bound ubiquitinated intermediates.	13
Ubiquitin-dependent endocytosis	Endocytosis of a protein that requires the substrate to be modified by ubiquitination. Several plasma membrane proteins, including cell surface permeases and some receptors, are targeted for internalization by endocytosis, and are thereafter delivered to the vacuole or lysosome, where they are degraded.	8
Ubiquitin-dependent glycoprotein ERAD pathway	An ERAD pathway whereby endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident glycoproteins are targeted for degradation. Includes differential processing of the glycoprotein sugar chains, retrotranslocation to the cytosol and degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. A glycoprotein is a compound in which a carbohydrate component is covalently bound to a protein component.	7
Ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the C-end degron rule pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the DesCEND (destruction via C-end degron) pathway. In the DesCEND pathway, C-terminal residues (C-end degrons) in substrates are recognized by Cul2-RING and Cul4-RING E3 ligases, whereupon the substrates are linked to ubiquitin and then delivered to the proteasome for degradation. C-end degrons can be present in full-length proteins, truncated proteins or proteolytically cleaved forms.	12
Ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide covalently tagged with ubiquitin, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; ubiquitin-tagged proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation.	37
Ubiquitin-independent protein catabolic process via the multivesicular body sorting pathway	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide, via the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway; proteins are sorted into MVBs, and delivered to a lysosome/vacuole for degradation. This process is independent of ubiquitination.	5
Unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.	52
Unsaturated fatty acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.	114
Urate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving urate, the anion of uric acid, 2,6,8-trioxypurine, the end product of purine metabolism in certain mammals and the main excretory product in uricotelic animals.	12
Urate transport	The directed movement of urate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	11
Urea cycle	The sequence of reactions by which arginine is synthesized from ornithine, then cleaved to yield urea and regenerate ornithine. The overall reaction equation is NH3 + CO2 + aspartate + 3 ATP + 2 H2O = urea + fumarate + 2 ADP + 2 phosphate + AMP + diphosphate.	11
Urea metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving urea, the water soluble compound O=C-(NH2)2.	13
Urea transmembrane transport	The process in which urea, the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2, is transported from one side of a membrane to the other by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	10
Urea transport	The directed movement of urea into, out of or within the cell. Urea is the water-soluble compound H2N-CO-NH2.	12
Ureter development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ureter over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder or from the Malpighian tubule to the hindgut.	18
Ureter morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the ureter are generated and organized. The ureter is a muscular tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder.	7
Ureteric bud elongation	The developmental growth in which the ureteric bud grows along its axis beginning with the growth of the primary ureteric bud and ending when the branches of the bud have elongated.	8
Ureteric bud formation	The developmental process pertaining to the initial formation of the ureteric bud from the Wolffian duct. This process begins when the bud protrudes from the duct and ends when it is a recognizable bud.	7
Urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary bladder. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary bladder is a musculomembranous sac along the urinary tract.	7
Urinary tract smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the urinary tract. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The urinary tract consists of organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.	9
Urogenital system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the urogenital system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	67
Uronic acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.	26
Uterine smooth muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. This process occurs in the uterus. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. The uterus is a muscular organ of the female mammal for containing and usually for nourishing the young during development prior to birth.	9
Uterus development	The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the uterus over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	23
Uterus morphogenesis	The process in which anatomical structures of the uterus are generated and organized.	6
V(D)J recombination	The process in which immune receptor V, D, and J, or V and J gene segments, depending on the specific receptor, are recombined within a single locus utilizing the conserved heptamer and nonomer recombination signal sequences (RSS).	19
Vacuolar acidification	Any process that reduces the pH of the vacuole, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.	34
Vacuolar localization	Any process in which the vacuole is transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location within the cell.	88
Vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex assembly	The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex, proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex that couples ATP hydrolysis to the transport of protons across the vacuolar membrane.	6
Vacuolar transport	The directed movement of substances into, out of or within a vacuole.	168
Vacuole fusion	Merging of two or more vacuoles, or of vacuoles and vesicles within a cell to form a single larger vacuole.	12
Vacuole organization	A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.	228
Vagina development	The reproductive developmental process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vagina over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	10
Valine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.	7
Vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Any apoptotic process in a vascular associated smooth muscle cell.	16
Vascular associated smooth muscle cell development	The process aimed at the progression of a vascular smooth muscle cell over time, from initial commitment of the cell to a specific fate, to the fully functional differentiated cell. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.	12
Vascular associated smooth muscle cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a vascular smooth muscle cell.	38
Vascular associated smooth muscle cell migration	The orderly movement of a vascular associated smooth muscle cell from one site to another.	41
Vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of vascular smooth muscle cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population. A vascular smooth muscle cell is a non-striated, elongated, spindle-shaped cell found lining the blood vessels.	84
Vascular associated smooth muscle contraction	A process, occurring in the vascular tissue, whereby actin/myosin complex activity generates force through ATP hydrolysis resulting in a change in smooth muscle geometry. This process is always coupled to chemo-mechanical energy conversion.	26
Vascular endothelial cell proliferation	The multiplication or reproduction of blood vessel endothelial cells, resulting in the expansion of a cell population.	47
Vascular endothelial growth factor production	The appearance of vascular endothelial growth factor production due to biosynthesis or secretion following a cellular stimulus, resulting in an increase in its intracellular or extracellular levels.	55
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	59
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	6
Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway	The series of molecular signals initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binding its receptor on the surface of the target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	50
Vascular process in circulatory system	A circulatory process that occurs at the level of the vasculature.	266
Vascular transport	The directed movement of substances, into, out of or within a cell, either in a vascular tissue or in the vascular membrane.	86
Vascular wound healing	Blood vessel formation when new vessels emerge from the proliferation of pre-existing blood vessels and contribute to the series of events that restore integrity to damaged vasculature.	21
Vasculogenesis	The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells during blood vessel development, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.	83
Vasculogenesis involved in coronary vascular morphogenesis	The differentiation of endothelial cells from progenitor cells that contributes to blood vessel development in the heart, and the de novo formation of blood vessels and tubes.	5
Vasoconstriction	A decrease in the diameter of blood vessels, especially arteries, due to constriction of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually causing an increase in blood pressure.	83
Vasodilation	An increase in the internal diameter of blood vessels, especially arterioles or capillaries, due to relaxation of smooth muscle cells that line the vessels, and usually resulting in a decrease in blood pressure.	47
Venous blood vessel development	The progression of the venous blood vessel over time from its initial formation to the mature structure. Venous blood vessels carry blood back to the heart after the capillary bed.	16
Venous blood vessel morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of venous blood vessels are generated and organized. Veins are blood vessels that transport blood from the body and its organs to the heart.	9
Ventral midline development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.	6
Ventral spinal cord development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral region of the spinal cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The neurons of the ventral region of the mature spinal cord participate in motor output.	46
Ventral spinal cord interneuron differentiation	The process in which neuroepithelial cells in the neural tube acquire specialized structural and/or functional features of ventral spinal cord interneurons. Ventral spinal cord interneurons are cells located in the ventral portion of the spinal cord that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons and are required for reflexive responses. Differentiation includes the processes involved in commitment of a cell to a specific fate.	13
Ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	An action potential that occurs in a ventricular cardiac muscle cell.	34
Ventricular cardiac muscle cell development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell over time, from its formation to the mature state. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.	10
Ventricular cardiac muscle cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell. Cardiac muscle cells are striated muscle cells that are responsible for heart contraction. The ventricle is the part of the heart that pumps blood out of the organ.	14
Ventricular cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization	The process in which ions are transported across the plasma membrane of a ventricular cardiac muscle cell such that the membrane potential changes in the repolarizing direction, toward the steady state potential. For example, the repolarization during an action potential is from a positive membrane potential towards a negative resting potential.	27
Ventricular cardiac muscle tissue development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of ventricular cardiac muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.	58
Ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of cardiac ventricle muscle is generated and organized.	47
Ventricular compact myocardium morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the compact cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.	8
Ventricular septum development	The progression of the ventricular septum over time from its formation to the mature structure.	74
Ventricular septum morphogenesis	The developmental process in which a ventricular septum is generated and organized. A ventricular septum is an anatomical structure that separates the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart from one another.	43
Ventricular system development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain ventricular system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The brain ventricular system consists of four communicating cavities within the brain that are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord. These cavities include two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and is produced by the choroid plexus.	32
Ventricular trabecula myocardium morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structures of the trabecular cardiac ventricle muscle are generated and organized.	14
Very long-chain fatty acid catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a very long-chain fatty acid. A very long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing more than 22 carbons.	7
Very long-chain fatty acid metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a very long-chain fatty acid. A very long-chain fatty acid has an aliphatic tail containing more than 22 carbons.	35
Very-low-density lipoprotein particle assembly	The non-covalent aggregation and arrangement of proteins and lipids in the liver to form a very-low-density lipoprotein particle.	12
Very-low-density lipoprotein particle clearance	The process in which a very-low-density lipoprotein particle is removed from the blood via receptor-mediated endocytosis and its constituent parts degraded.	7
Vesicle budding from membrane	The evagination of a membrane, resulting in formation of a vesicle.	84
Vesicle cargo loading	The formation of a macromolecular complex between the coat proteins and proteins and/or lipoproteins that are going to be transported by a vesicle.	34
Vesicle coating	A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.	40
Vesicle cytoskeletal trafficking	The directed movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal fiber such as a microtubule or and actin filament, mediated by motor proteins.	72
Vesicle docking	The initial attachment of a transport vesicle membrane to the target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane. Docking requires only that the two membranes come close enough for these proteins to interact and adhere.	64
Vesicle docking involved in exocytosis	The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.	42
Vesicle fusion to plasma membrane	Fusion of the membrane of a vesicle with the plasma membrane, thereby releasing its contents into the extracellular space.	24
Vesicle fusion with Golgi apparatus	The joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle to the lipid bilayer membrane around the Golgi.	9
Vesicle localization	Any process in which a vesicle or vesicles are transported to, and/or maintained in, a specific location.	218
Vesicle targeting	The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.	67
Vesicle targeting, rough ER to cis-Golgi	The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the cis-Golgi.	27
Vesicle targeting, to, from or within Golgi	The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes during transport to, from or within the Golgi apparatus; mediated by the addition of specific coat proteins, including COPI and COPII proteins and clathrin, to the membrane during vesicle formation.	34
Vesicle tethering	The initial, indirect interaction between a vesicle membrane and a membrane to which it is targeted for fusion. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to interaction between factors involved in fusion.	32
Vesicle tethering involved in exocytosis	The initial, indirect interaction between a secretory vesicle membrane and a site of exocytosis in the plasma membrane. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior to docking and fusion.	9
Vesicle tethering to Golgi	The initial, indirect interaction between a transport vesicle membrane and the membrane of the Golgi. This interaction is mediated by tethering factors (or complexes), which interact with both membranes. Interaction can occur via direct binding to membrane phospholipids or membrane proteins, or via binding to vesicle coat proteins. This process is distinct from and prior fusion.	5
Vesicle transport along microtubule	The directed movement of a vesicle along a microtubule, mediated by motor proteins. This process begins with the attachment of a vesicle to a microtubule, and ends when the vesicle reaches its final destination.	46
Vesicle uncoating	A protein depolymerization process that results in the disassembly of vesicle coat proteins.	8
Vesicle-mediated cholesterol transport	The directed movement of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3-beta-ol, or cholesterol-containing compounds, by membrane-bounded vesicles.	9
Vesicle-mediated transport between endosomal compartments	A cellular transport process in which transported substances are moved in membrane-bounded vesicles between endosomal compartments, e.g, between early endosome and sorting endosome.	48
Vesicle-mediated transport in synapse	Any vesicle-mediated transport that occurs in a synapse.	220
Vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane	The directed movement of substances to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane by exocytosis.	149
Vestibulocochlear nerve development	The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the vestibulocochlear nerve over time, from its formation to the mature structure. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.	11
Vestibulocochlear nerve formation	The process that gives rise to the vestibulocochlear nerve. This process pertains to the initial formation of a structure from unspecified parts. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.	5
Vestibulocochlear nerve morphogenesis	The process in which the anatomical structure of the vestibulocochlear nerve is generated and organized. This sensory nerve innervates the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. The vestibular branch innervates the vestibular apparatus that senses head position changes relative to gravity. The auditory branch innervates the cochlear duct, which is connected to the three bony ossicles which transduce sound waves into fluid movement in the cochlea.	7
Viral RNA genome replication	The replication of a viral RNA genome.	29
Viral budding	A viral process by which enveloped viruses acquire a host-derived membrane enriched in viral proteins to form their external envelope. The process starts when nucleocapsids, assembled or in the process of being built, induce formation of a membrane curvature in the host plasma or organelle membrane and wrap up in the forming bud. The process ends when the bud is eventually pinched off by membrane scission to release the enveloped particle into the lumenal or extracellular space.	26
Viral gene expression	A process by which a viral gene is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes viral transcription, processing to produce a mature RNA product, and viral translation.	101
Viral genome replication	Any process involved directly in viral genome replication, including viral nucleotide metabolism.	130
Viral protein processing	Any protein maturation process achieved by the cleavage of a peptide bond or bonds within a viral protein.	31
Viral release from host cell	The dissemination of mature viral particles from a host cell, e.g. by cell lysis or the budding of virus particles from the cell membrane.	29
Viral transcription	The process by which a viral genome, or part of a viral genome, is transcribed within the host cell.	51
Viral translation	A process by which viral mRNA is translated into viral protein, using the host cellular machinery.	21
Viral translational termination-reinitiation	A process which occurs as part of viral mRNA translation which allows expression of a downstream open reading frame (ORF) in a dicistronic mRNA. In this process, ribosomes translate the upstream ORF but following termination, a proportion of 40S subunits remain tethered to the mRNA and go on to re-initiate translation at the start codon of the downstream ORF.	5
Virion assembly	A late phase of the viral life cycle during which all the components necessary for the formation of a mature virion collect at a particular site in the cell and the basic structure of the virus particle is formed.	35
Visual behavior	The behavior of an organism in response to a visual stimulus.	56
Vitamin A metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.	8
Vitamin B6 metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin B6 compounds: pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine and the active form, pyridoxal phosphate.	5
Vitamin D biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).	10
Vitamin D metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D, any of a group of related, fat-soluble compounds that are derived from delta-5,7 steroids and play a central role in calcium metabolism. Specific forms of vitamin D include calciferol (ergocalciferol; vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol (calciol; vitamin D3).	20
Vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	A nuclear receptor-mediated signaling pathway initiated by vitamin D binding to an intracellular receptor of the nuclear receptor protein family, and ending with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.	12
Vitamin D3 metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin D3, (3S,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trien-3-ol.	6
Vitamin E metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamin E, tocopherol, which includes a series of eight structurally similar compounds. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form in humans and is a powerful biological antioxidant.	6
Vitamin K metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the forms of vitamin K, quinone-derived vitamins which are involved in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors in mammals. Vitamin K substances share a methylated naphthoquinone ring structure and vary in the aliphatic side chains attached to the molecule.	10
Vitamin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.	25
Vitamin catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a vitamin, one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.	14
Vitamin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.	110
Vitamin transmembrane transport	The process in which a vitamin is transported across a membrane. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.	21
Vitamin transport	The directed movement of vitamins into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A vitamin is one of a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body.	53
Vocalization behavior	The behavior in which an organism produces sounds by a mechanism involving its respiratory system.	19
Voluntary musculoskeletal movement	The movement of an organism or part of an organism using mechanoreceptors, the nervous system, striated muscle and/or the skeletal system that can be controlled at will.	7
Voluntary skeletal muscle contraction	A process in which force is generated within voluntary skeletal muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. In the voluntary skeletal muscle, the muscle contraction takes advantage of an ordered sarcomeric structure and it is under voluntary control. Voluntary skeletal muscle is skeletal muscle that is under conscious control.	6
Walking behavior	The behavior of an organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.	35
Water transport	The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	28
Water-soluble vitamin biosynthetic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.	12
Water-soluble vitamin metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.	61
White fat cell differentiation	The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires specialized features of a white adipocyte, an animal connective tissue cell involved in energy storage. White adipocytes have cytoplasmic lipids arranged in a unique vacuole.	17
Wnt protein secretion	The controlled release of a Wnt protein from a cell.	6
Wnt signaling pathway involved in heart development	The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, resulting a change in cell state that contributes to the progression of the heart over time.	11
Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway	A type of non-canonical Wnt signaling in which Wnt binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).	5
Wound healing involved in inflammatory response	The series of events that restore integrity to damaged tissue that contribute to an inflammatory response.	8
Wound healing, spreading of epidermal cells	The migration of an epidermal cell along or through a wound gap that contributes to the reestablishment of a continuous epidermis.	22
Wybutosine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving wybutosine, 3H-imidazopurine-7-butanoic acid, 4,9-dihydro- alpha-- 4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo- 3-beta-D-ribofuranosyl methyl ester, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.	6
XMP metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving XMP, xanthosine monophosphate.	7
Xenobiotic catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	25
Xenobiotic export from cell	The directed movement of a xenobiotic from a cell, into the extracellular region. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	25
Xenobiotic glucuronidation	The modification of a xenobiotic substance by the conjugation of glucuronic acid. The resultant glucuronosides are often much more water-soluble than the xenobiotic precursor, enabling efficient excretion.	7
Xenobiotic metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	125
Xenobiotic transmembrane transport	The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	16
Xenobiotic transport	The directed movement of a xenobiotic into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. A xenobiotic is a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.	58
Xenobiotic transport across blood-brain barrier	The directed movement of a xenobiotic through the blood-brain barrier.	6
Xenophagy	The selective degradation of intracellular pathogen or some part of an intracellular pathogen (e.g. viral capsid) by macroautophagy.	14
Xylulose 5-phosphate metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving xylulose 5-phosphate, a derivative of the ketopentose xylulose phosphorylated at the 5 carbon; it is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.	6
Zinc ion import across plasma membrane	The directed movement of zinc(2+) ions from outside of a cell, across the plasma membrane and into the cytosol.	9
Zinc ion import into organelle	The directed import of zinc(2+) from the cytosol, across an organelle membrane, into the organelle.	9
Zinc ion transport	The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	28
Zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo	The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.	6
Zymogen activation	The proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.	59
Zymogen inhibition	Any process that prevents the proteolytic processing of an inactive enzyme to an active form.	8
[2Fe-2S] cluster assembly	The incorporation of two iron atoms and two sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.	11
[4Fe-4S] cluster assembly	The incorporation of four iron atoms and four sulfur atoms into an iron-sulfur cluster.	5
lncRNA-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing	A post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway in which regulatory long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) elicit silencing of specific target genes, often miRNAs or mRNAs.	10
mRNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an mRNA molecule.	50
mRNA 3'-end processing by stem-loop binding and cleavage	Any mRNA 3'-end processing that involves the binding to and cleavage of a stem-loop structure. For example, histone mRNAs contain a highly conserved stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA with a 6 base pairs (bp) stem and a 4-nt loop. The mRNA is cleaved between these two elements, after the fourth or fifth nucleotide, which is typically an adenosine.	6
mRNA 3'-splice site recognition	Recognition of the intron 3'-splice site by components of the assembling U2- or U12-type spliceosome.	6
mRNA alternative polyadenylation	The process of generating multiple mRNA molecules with variable 3'-end length formation from a given pre-mRNA by differential use of cleavage and polyadenylation signals (pA signals).	5
mRNA cis splicing, via spliceosome	The joining together, after removal of an intervening sequence composed of one or more introns, of two segments of the same RNA molecule via spliceosomal catalysis to produce an mRNA composed only of exon sequences that all came from the same primary transcript.	39
mRNA export from nucleus	The directed movement of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.	70
mRNA methylguanosine-cap decapping	Cleavage of the 5'-methylguanosine-cap of an mRNA. The methylguanosine-cap is present at the 5'-end of eukaryotic mRNAs. Decapping inactivates translation initiation and promotes 5'-to-3' decay of mRNA.	16
mRNA modification	The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an mRNA molecule to produce an mRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.	33
mRNA pseudouridine synthesis	The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an mRNA molecule.	9
mRNA splice site recognition	Selection of a splice site by components of the assembling spliceosome.	46
mRNA transcription	The cellular synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) from a DNA template.	50
mRNA transport	The directed movement of mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	126
miRNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.	19
miRNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving miRNA, microRNA, a class of single-stranded RNA molecules of about 21-23 nucleotides in length, which regulates gene expression.	104
miRNA processing	A process leading to the generation of a functional miRNA. Includes the cleavage of stem-loop RNA precursors into microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are a class of small RNAs that primarily silence genes by blocking the translation of mRNA transcripts into protein, or by increasing the degradation of non-protein-coding RNA transcripts.	47
miRNA-mediated gene silencing by inhibition of translation	An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) block the translation of target mRNAs into proteins. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA will typically mediate repression of translation if the miRNA imperfectly base-pairs with the 3' untranslated regions of target mRNAs.	83
miRNA-mediated gene silencing by mRNA destabilization	An RNA interference pathway in which microRNAs (miRNAs) direct the cleavage of target mRNAs. Once incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), a miRNA base pairing with near-perfect complementarity to the target mRNA will typically direct targeted endonucleolytic cleavage of the mRNA. Many plant miRNAs downregulate gene expression through this mechanism.	51
piRNA processing	A process leading to the generation of a functional piRNA. piRNAs (Piwi-associated RNAs) are a class of 24- to 30-nucleotide RNAs derived from repeat or complex DNA sequence elements and processed by a Dicer-independent mechanism.	24
rRNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an rRNA molecule.	10
rRNA 5'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 5' end of an rRNA molecule.	5
rRNA base methylation	The addition of a methyl group to an atom in the nucleoside base portion of a nucleotide residue in an rRNA molecule.	11
rRNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.	21
rRNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving rRNA, ribosomal RNA, a structural constituent of ribosomes.	261
rRNA methylation	The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in an rRNA molecule.	26
rRNA modification	The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an rRNA molecule to produce an rRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.	35
rRNA pseudouridine synthesis	The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in an rRNA molecule.	8
rRNA transcription	The synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), any RNA that forms part of the ribosomal structure, from a DNA template.	37
rRNA transport	The directed movement of rRNA, ribosomal ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	5
scaRNA localization to Cajal body	A process in which a small Cajal body-specific RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a Cajal body.	5
siRNA processing	A process leading to the generation of a functional small interfering RNA (siRNA). Includes the cleavage of double-stranded RNA to form small interfering RNA molecules (siRNAs) of 21-23 nucleotides. May also include amplification of the siRNA by RNA-directed RNA polymerase.	9
siRNA-mediated retrotransposon silencing by heterochromatin formation	A retrotransposon silencing mechanism in which a siRNA triggers heterochromatin assembly. Heterochromatin is a chromatin conformation that is refractory to transcription.	11
snRNA 3'-end processing	Any process involved in forming the mature 3' end of an snRNA molecule.	23
snRNA catabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of snRNA, small nuclear RNA, low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.	5
snRNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving snRNA, small nuclear RNA, any of various low-molecular-mass RNA molecules found in the eukaryotic nucleus as components of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein.	57
snRNA modification	The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within snRNA, resulting in a change in the properties of the snRNA.	7
snRNA processing	Any process involved in the conversion of a primary small nuclear RNA (snRNA) transcript into a mature snRNA molecule. The primary function of snRNAs is processing pre-messenger RNA in the nucleus. They have also been shown to aid in the regulation of transcription factors (7SK RNA) or RNA polymerase II (B2 RNA), and maintaining the telomeres.	28
snRNA transcription	The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template.	19
snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase II (Pol II), originating at a Pol II promoter.	16
snRNA transcription by RNA polymerase III	The synthesis of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) from a DNA template by RNA Polymerase III (Pol III), originating at a Pol III promoter.	8
snRNA transport	The directed movement of snRNA, small nuclear ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
sno(s)RNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving snoRNA, small nucleolar RNA, any of a class of small RNAs that are associated with the eukaryotic nucleus as components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins. They participate in the processing or modifications of many RNAs, mostly ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) though snoRNAs are also known to target other classes of RNA, including spliceosomal RNAs, tRNAs, and mRNAs via a stretch of sequence that is complementary to a sequence in the targeted RNA.	17
sno(s)RNA processing	Any process involved in the conversion of a primary snoRNA family RNA transcript into a mature snoRNA (eukaryota) or sRNA (archaea).	14
snoRNA localization	Any process in which small nucleolar RNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.	6
tRNA 3'-end processing	The process in which the 3' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.	7
tRNA 5'-end processing	The process in which the 5' end of a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to that of a mature tRNA.	16
tRNA 5'-leader removal	Generation of the mature 5'-end of the tRNA, usually via an endonucleolytic cleavage by RNase P.	13
tRNA aminoacylation for mitochondrial protein translation	The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis in a mitochondrion.	8
tRNA decay	The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis.	16
tRNA metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.	197
tRNA methylation	The posttranscriptional addition of methyl groups to specific residues in a tRNA molecule.	43
tRNA modification	The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.	94
tRNA processing	The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.	134
tRNA pseudouridine synthesis	The intramolecular conversion of uridine to pseudouridine in a tRNA molecule.	6
tRNA surveillance	The set of processes involved in identifying and degrading defective or aberrant tRNAs.	8
tRNA thio-modification	The addition a sulfur atom to a nucleotide in a tRNA molecule.	5
tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine metabolic process	The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine, a modified nucleoside found in some tRNA molecules.	20
tRNA threonylcarbamoyladenosine modification	The attachment of a carbonyl group and a threonine to the amino group of the adenine residue immediately 3' of the anticodon, in tRNAs that decode ANN codons (where N is any base).	5
tRNA transcription	The synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) from a DNA template.	11
tRNA transport	The directed movement of tRNA, transfer ribonucleic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.	6
tRNA wobble base modification	The process in which the nucleotide at position 34 in the anticodon of a tRNA is post-transcriptionally modified.	20